利益平衡视角下耕地保护经济补偿机制研究
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摘要
耕地具有资源和资产双重身份,作为自然资源,它肩负着国家粮食安全和生态安全的重任,作为资产,它又发挥着确保国家经济安全和社会稳定的不可替代的作用,可以说,耕地是人类生存的第一道保障线,保护耕地的重要性不言而喻。经过多年探索,我国逐步构建和实行了一套适合本国国情的耕地保护制度,整体上朝着预期目标推进,但值得深思的是,我国耕地资源的数量和质量却仍在走下坡路,耕地保护工作依然面临着咄咄逼人的现实挑战。透视耕地流失的自然、人口、经济和社会等各种因素,除了那些非人力可控的因素外,其他因素无不与“利益”相关,也就是说耕地保护过程中的利益失衡是耕地流失的深层次原因。利益失衡是由于我国现行耕地产权设置存在严重的正外部性,包括耕地所有权的生态效益和社会效益、耕地发展权,从而使耕地产权主体的权益无法在经济上实现,又缺乏科学的利益调节机制,加剧了比较效益差别。从根本上改变当前的局面,要以利益平衡为指导和目标供给新的制度,这种制度应当能够实现耕地产权正外部性的内部化,使目前以约束为主的耕地保护制度循序渐进地转变为约束与激励相结合的制度,这就是本文所要研究的利益平衡视角下的耕地保护经济补偿机制。
     本文在整理和分析国内外耕地保护经济补偿相关研究进展的基础上,以外部性理论、土地价值理论、产权理论等为指导,首先通过对我国耕地保护现状及耕地保护制度实施影响因素的分析,找到我国耕地保护制度存在的问题及症结,指出经济利益在耕地保护中的重要作用。其次基于对耕地保护过程中相关主体的利益博弈分析,使全文站在了利益平衡这个全新的视角,并为补偿对象、补偿主体及补偿标准的确定提供了一定的思路和依据。再次依托基于耕地资源功能的耕地资源价值再认识、我国耕地产权体系的再认识、以及基于耕地产权体系的耕地资产价值再认识,确立了多层次耕地保护经济补偿机制架构的产权基础和价值基础。然后通过对补偿机制需求的农户调查研究,以及国内外耕地保护经济补偿的经验总结和借鉴,使得对制度创新的研究不仅有宏观层面论证的支撑,又具备微观层面数据的支撑。接着在前面几部分内容分析的基础之上进行多层次耕地保护经济补偿机制的架构,并对两个层次补偿标准测算模式分别进行实证研究。最后探讨促进补偿机制有效实施的保障措施,并得出以下主要结论:
     (1)耕地保护涉及到的利益主体主要包括中央政府、地方政府、农民、未尽到耕地保护义务地区和超额承担耕地保护义务地区,他们之间的多重利益博弈显示,在当前的制度安排下,各个利益主体间的利益冲突无法得到调和,导致博弈结果出现利益失衡现象,不仅使各个利益主体的利益诉求得不到满足,而且无法实现对宝贵耕地资源的合理、高效保护。为促成各方利益平衡,应从理性人角度出发,建立利益引导型耕地保护机制,包括给予超额承担耕地保护义务的地方政府以政治“补偿”;结合不同区域耕地保护意愿,建立公开、公平、公正的区域间利益调节机制;对保护耕地的农民进行合理的经济补偿;提高征地补偿标准等。
     (2)对应于耕地资源的多种功能,耕地资源价值由经济价值、生态价值和社会价值共同构成,经济价值等同于市场价值,生态价值和社会价值却属于非市场价值,并具有正外部性;由此发现我国现行耕地产权体系的正外部性问题,即耕地所有权的生态效益和社会效益、耕地发展权;依托于耕地产权体系的耕地资产价值体系以耕地所有权价值为核心,而耕地所有权价值由耕地所有权衍生出的各项耕地权利的价值共同组成,包括耕地使用权价值、耕地租赁权价值、耕地承包经营权价值和耕地发展权价值,由于各项耕地权利价值的内涵存在差异,从而形成不同的耕地资产价值。以上就是耕地保护经济补偿的价值基础和产权基础。
     (3)以河南省新野县357份农户调查问卷为基础,构建Logistic模型对农户耕地保护经济补偿机制需求意愿影响因素的定量分析显示:家庭农业人数、受教育程度、家庭劳动力人数、耕地种植面积、农业收入比重、耕地保护意愿和耕地破碎度的影响显著。所以,应该怀着公平的理念,关注农户的意愿和利益诉求,选择合理的补偿方式和支付方式,给予农民,尤其是粮食主产区和经济发展水平较低地区的农民以适当的经济补偿,激发他们在维护耕地质量方面的独特潜能。
     (4)以利益平衡为指导和目标的耕地保护经济补偿机制由有机结合的两个基本层次共同组成,第一层次是基于耕地所有权外溢效益补偿的农户经济补偿机制,主要解决耕地所有权生态效益和社会效益的外部性内部化问题;第二层次是基于耕地保护机会成本补偿的区域经济补偿机制,主要解决耕地发展权的外部性内部化问题。
     (5)补偿机制整体的基本原则包括:帕累托最优原则、公平优先效率跟进原则、谁受益谁补偿原则、可持续发展原则。关于补偿对象,两个层次补偿机制共有的是农民和农民集体,第二层次补偿机制特有的是超额承担耕地保护义务的地方政府。关于补偿主体,两个层次补偿机制共有的是中央政府、未尽到耕地保护义务的地方政府,第一、第二层次补偿机制特有的分别是非农企业和市民、新增建设用地使用者和提高建设用地利用强度者。第一、第二层次补偿机制的补偿标准分别依据耕地资源非市场价值、耕地发展权价值进行确定,测算模式分别为意愿调查法、耕地潜在市地价值与耕地资源价值差值法,以河南省新野县为案例进行的实证研究表明,两个层次补偿标准的测算模式均具有可操作性和科学性。补偿依据是经标准化后的耕地面积;基本补偿手段是货币补偿与养老保险相结合;补偿支付方式以按年支付为主,一次性支付为辅;第一、第二层次补偿机制分别采用公共财政补偿途径、市场补偿途径。两个层次补偿机制共同的资金来源包括:中央财政和各级地方政府财政、未尽到耕地保护义务的地方政府财政,分别特有的资金来源包括:针对耕地资源的生态效益和社会效益向广大非农企业和市民征收的税款、新增建设用地使用者和提高建设用地利用强度者购买耕地发展权的价款。双层补偿机制的运作要依托于各级补偿基金委,及分别隶属于它们的各级补偿基金、各级耕地发展权储备中心等组织机构,分别通过补偿基金的统筹和集散、耕地发展权交易市场的运营实现。双层补偿机制的顺利实施需要一系列配套措施予以保障,涵盖法律、制度、技术、组织和文化五大方面。
Arable land has the double identities as resources and assets. As the natural resources, itshoulders the burden of national food security and ecological security. As the assets, it playsan irreplaceable role to ensure the national economy security and social stability. In otherwords, arable land is the first security line of the human survival. Without doubt, it isextremely important to protect the arable land. According to the previous experiences ofarable land protection in both foreign and our own country, Chinese government graduallysets up and implements a set of arable land protection system which is suitable for the currentsituation in China. Despite this system which develops toward the expected goals, what isworth pondering is that the quantity and quality of arable land are still on the decline in ourcountry. Therefore the protection of arable land is still facing urgent challenges. Observingthe natural, population, economic and social factors which cause loss of arable land loss,except the non human controllable factors, we can find that all other factors are related to theinterests. This means that the deep reason of arable land loss is imbalanced benefit in theprocess of the protection of arable land. Imbalanced benefit is due to serious and positiveexternality of the existing property rights set of arable land, including the ecological andsocial benefits of arable land ownership, and the development rights of arable land. Thus,there are two consequences caused by the imbalanced benefit:1) the economic rights andinterests cannot be obtained for the main parts of property rights of arable land;2) thedifference in comparative benefits is exacerbated since there is no scientific mechanism ofregulating interests. Government should make new policies which are guided and aimed atbalanced benefits to fundamentally change the current situation. The new policies should beable to internalize positive externality of arable land property rights, conduce a gradualtransformation of the policies with the targets of arable land protection by supervisionmechanism into a mechanism combined restraint and incentive. This new mechanism is alsothe main research subject of this dissertation, the economic compensation mechanism of thearable land protection, under the perspective of balanced interests.
     Based on the analysis of previous research both in China and other countries abouteconomic compensation of arable land protection, this dissertation is structured as follows bythe guidance of externality theory, land value theory, property rights theory. First, this dissertation analyzes the current status of China’s arable land protection and the factorsaffected the implementation of protection policies, finds out the problems and difficulties ofChina’s policies of arable land protection, indicates the importance of economic benefit in theprogress of arable land protection. Then, according to the analysis of the interests gameamong the related subjects during the process of arable land protection, this dissertationprovides a certain amount of ideas and foundation for confirming the objects, subjects and thestandards of compensation in the totally new perspective of the interests balance. Next, thisdissertation establishes the property and value basis of the structure of multi-level economiccompensation mechanism for arable land protection. This is achieved through there-understanding of the values of arable land based on the arable land resources functions, theChina’s arable land property rights system, and the re-understanding of the asset values ofarable land based on the arable land property rights system Thereafter, the innovations studyin this dissertation obtains both macro-support from theoretical argumentation andmicro-support from the data set according to the investigation on the farmers demand foreconomic compensation mechanism of arable land protection and the summary and referenceof the experiences about the economic compensation of arable land protection in China andother countries. Finally, based on the analysis of the earlier parts in this dissertation, themulti-leveled, economic mechanism is built for the compensation of arable land protection,and empirical analysis is conducted for the calculation modes of the two levels ofcompensation standards.
     In the conclusion part, the dissertation discusses complementary measures which canpromote the effective implementation of the compensation mechanism and draws thefollowing conclusions.
     (1) The main stakeholders involved in arable land protection are central government,local governments, farmers, and the regions failed to fulfill its obligations or overfulfiledobligations to protect arable land. The gaming analysis of their multiple interests reveals thatthe conflicts among each stakeholder cannot be reconciled, and lead to gaming results withinterests imbalances in the current institutional arrangements. The interests of thestakeholders’ demands cannot be met, and furthermore, the valuable arable land resourcescan not be protected reasonably and effectively. In order to facilitate the interests balance ofall parties, our country should establish a mechanism that the interests could induce theprotection of arable land from the angle of rational agent. The mechanism also should includeproviding the political compensation to the governments of the regions overfulfilledobligations of protecting arable land, establishing an open, fair, equitable interests adjustmentmechanism among different regions by combining the wishes of the arable land protectionfrom different region, giving reasonable and economic compensation to the farmers who protect arable land, improving the standard for land expropriation compensation and so on.
     (2) Arable land resource possesses multiple functions and the values of arable landresource consist of economic value, ecological value and social value. Economic valueequated with the market value while ecological value and social value are parts of non-marketvalue which have positive externalities. And then the positive externality in our country'scurrent system of arable land property rights is found. The externality is caused by ecologicalvalue and social value of arable land ownership, and development rights of arable land. Thevalue system of arable land asset relying on the property rights system of arable land regardthe value of arable land ownership as the core. The value of arable land ownership consists ofthe all values of arable land rights which derived from the arable land ownership. The valueof arable land rights include the value of arable land using rights, the value of arable landleasing rights, the value of arable land contracted management rights and the value of arableland development rights. Because of the different connotation of each arable land rights,different value of each arable land asset is formed. All values mentioned above are the valuebasis and property basis of the economic compensation for arable land protection.
     (3) Based on357questionnaires in Xinye County of Henan province, a Logistic modelis used to analyze factors affecting the demand willingness of economic compensationmechanism of arable land protection in this dissertation. The results indicate that the numberof farmer in a family, education level, the number of labor in a family, arable land acreage,the proportion of agricultural income, the willingness of arable land protection and the degreeof arable land fragmentation are significantly affect the demand willingness. Therefore,government should concern farmers’ willingness and interest demands with an impartialattitude, compensate farmers, especially farmers lived in major grain producing areas and lesseconomic developed areas, and stimulate farmers’ unique potential in maintaining the qualityof arable land.
     (4) Economic compensation mechanism aimed and guided by the interests balance forfarmland protection is composed of two basic levels. The first level is economiccompensation mechanism for farmers based on spillover benefits of arable land ownership. Itmainly solves the problems about internalization of externalities of ecological benefits andsocial benefits of farmland ownership. The second level is regional economic compensationmechanism based on the opportunity cost compensation of arable land protection. It mainlysolves the problems about internalization of externalities of arable land development rights.
     (5) The whole basic principles of the compensation mechanism include the principle ofpareto optimality, fair priority and efficiency follow-up, who benefits who compensates andsustainable development. The compensation objects involved in both two levels ofcompensation mechanisms are farmers and farmers’ community. The specific objects of the second level compensation mechanism are the local governments that fulfill extra obligationsof cultivated protection. The compensation subjects involved in both two levels ofcompensation mechanisms are central government and the local governments failed to fulfilltheir obligations to protect the arable land. The specific objects of the first and second levelcompensation mechanisms are the non-agricultural enterprises and citizens, new constructionland users and construction land users who improve the intensity. The compensationstandards of the first and second level of compensation mechanism are determined accordingto the non-market value of arable land resources and the value of arable land developmentrights respectively. The calculation modes of these two levels compensation mechanisms arecontingent valuation method, potential market value of arable land and value differencemethod of arable land resources respectively. The empirical study in Xinye County of Henanprovince indicates that the calculation modes of compensation standards of two levelscompensation mechanisms are operable and scientific. The compensation amount isaccording to the standardized area of arable land. The basic compensation method is thecombination of monetary compensation and endowment insurance. The compensationpayment is mainly delivered in one year and supplemented by one-time payment. Thecompensation approach of the first and second level of compensation mechanism is publicfinancial compensation and market compensation respectively. The same capital sources ofthe two levels of compensation mechanisms are central and local government finance, and thefinance of local government failed to fulfill its obligation to protect the arable land. Thespecific capital sources include taxes collected from the non-agricultural enterprises andcitizens according to the ecological benefits and social benefits of arable land resources, thecharge of purchasing development rights of arable land from the new construction land usersand construction land users who improve the intensity respectively. The operations of the twolevels compensation mechanisms mainly rely on Compensation Fund Council and itsaffiliates which are the Compensation Funds and the Reserve Centers of Arable landDevelopment Rights at all levels. The operations are achieved through the co-ordination ofthe Compensation Fund and the operation of transaction markets of arable land developmentrights. The smooth implementation of the double compensation mechanism requires a seriesof supporting measures covered by legal, institutional, technical, organizational and culturalfive aspects.
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