摘要
中国城乡二元结构体制,是在城乡二元户籍基础上形成的资源配置制度。在计划经济时期,该体制促成并巩固了城乡二元经济；在体制转轨时期,其延缓城乡二元经济结构向现代经济结构转换的进程,即妨碍了劳动力等要素在全国范围的自由流动,致使城乡之间的关系表现为非竞争市场的关系。现有研究结论通常认为中国的改革是以牺牲公平换取效率,而本文作者认为在城乡市场分割条件下的增长模式既没有效率又不公平。因此,中国城乡二元体制退出历史舞台,进而要求建立起全国真正的统一市场和城乡统筹发展,是中国经济体制改革的重要目标。
城乡二元结构体制是中国从传统计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制转轨的过程中未能解决的重大问题,中国的农村家庭承包制和农村剩余劳动力进城打工是在维持城乡二元体制的前提下展开的,其结果是导致城乡发展严重失调,城乡差距呈现出扩大的趋势。目前,中国正进入城乡一体化的关键时期,中国既有巨额的财政收入和外汇储备,又有着世上恩格尔系数和城乡人均收入最高的国家。消除妨碍城乡融合的城乡二元体制,减少城乡居民收入差距,建立城乡社会和谐发展的新型城乡关系已经显得十分迫切。城乡二元结构是中国在未来几十年经济发展必须克服的重大社会经济问题,以城乡一元体制取代城乡二元体制应该是中国改革的核心内容,由于中国面临的城乡二元体制是史无前例的、世上独特的,没有成熟的理论和经验可供指导和借鉴,这值得学者对其不断探索。
本文作者以中国农村剩余劳动力的流动性及城乡收入关系的改善为主线,系统性地分析了城乡二元经济的产生、形成、发展和消除。在研究内容的取舍上,重点研究城乡收入差距的收敛性、城乡统筹发展的理论基础、以及对农村剩余劳动力就业和创业有重大影响的产业发展政策、农村金融创新。
首先,分析中国城乡二元经济体制形成的基础。一方面,城乡二元经济体制为中国工业化的原始积累做出了重大贡献,另一方面,经济发展理念和发展战略反过来又会强化城乡二元经济体制。
其次,本文作者认为中国经济体制改革是在维持城乡二元体制的前提下展开的,甚至在一定程度上可以说,中国经济体制改革是城乡二元体制在新的形势下的继续和发展。虽然市场化取向之后,农村剩余劳动力能以“农民工”的特殊身份在城市务工,但由于身份和人力资本等原因,“农民工”不得不长期接受低薪工作。“农民工”为中国低成本工业化做出了长期、重大贡献的同时,其收入没有呈现出同比例增长,从而导致在中国经济快速发展的同时城乡收入差距持续扩大趋势较为明显。
再次,城乡二元经济不仅体现为城乡收入差距,而且还体现在接受公共物品和服务的差距,体现在社会保障的差距等层面。本文作者从表征中国城乡二元经济的诸多指标中,选取城乡收入差距指标进行比较系统的研究,结果表明中国的城乡收入差距及收入来源差距在局部上证在收敛,在总体上也确实正在收敛,即中国正在朝着城乡统筹的方向发展。
最后,本文作者还从经济学原理出发,为城乡统筹发展提供理论分析依据；重点分析研究二元经济结构转换的路径；分析城乡统筹发展中的就业、创业以及农村金融创新等内容。本文作者认为,只有农村剩余劳动力转移完毕,中国的高速经济增长速度才会下降到世界发达国家的平均增长率水平。
The urban-rural dual structure system is a special resource allocation system which based on the urban-rural household registration. In the traditional planned economy period, the urban-rural dual structure system caused and consolidated the urban-rural economy. Now, It delays the process of conversion of the urban-rural dual economic structure to a modern economic structure. Ie, it prevents the free flow of labor and other factors of production. The relationship between urban and rural is non-competitive market relationship. Under the conditions of urban-rural market segmentation, The Pattern of growth is neither efficient nor equitable. To quit China's urban-rural dual system, therefore, from the stage of history, and to establish a truly unified market and Urban-rural co-development is an important goal of China's economic reform.
Base on labor mobility, and urban-rural income gap, we analyze the generation of urban-rural dual economic generation, formation, development and eradication. We analyze of institutional reasons of China's urban-rural dual economy. The trade-offs of the research, we insist on some certain things attitude and focus on the convergence of the urban-rural income gap, the theoretical basis of the urban-rural co-development, and rural migrant workers venture financial innovation.
First, we analysis that the basis of the urban-rural dual economic system in China. On the one hand, the urban-rural dual economic system has made a significant contribution to the capital accumulation of China's industrialization, on the other hand, economic development concepts and the development of strategic strengthened urban-rural dual economic system.
Secondly, we believe that the Chinese economic reform is carried out under the premise of maintaining the urban-rural dual system, and can even say that the urban-rural dual system in the continued development of the new situation. Although there is the market orientation, rural surplus labor in the special status of "migrant workers", work in the city, but because of the identity and human capital and other reasons, the migrant workers had to receive long-term low-paid jobs. Migrant workers which make long-term, significant contribution to growth in China's low-cost industrialized, endure the suffering of the urban-rural income gap continued to widen in silence.
Again, the urban-rural economy not only reflects the urban-rural income gap, but also reflects the difference of the acceptance of public goods and services, reflects the difference in social security. Among the many indicators of China's urban-rural economy, we select the indicator of urban-rural income gap, and carry out urban-rural income gap between the convergence Analysis.
Finally, we study on the theoretical basis of urban-rural co-development, on the basis of demonstrated free movement of labor is the logical starting point of the equalization of public services, focus on not only increase employment opportunities for migrant workers, but also that the increase in migrant workers business conditions of the rural financial innovation.
The goal of the urban-rural dual structure reform in China in the system is to ensure uniform national treatment of urban and rural residents, and create fair conditions for the free movement of factors of production to achieve the free movement of factors. Specific measures to actively cultivate two-way free flow of urban and rural labor to urban and rural employment and the equalization of public services, and actively cultivate the multi-level capital market compatible with the urbanization process and provide a vast entrepreneurial opportunities for the city of new immigrants.
引文
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