人力资本对浙江省城乡收入差距的影响研究
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摘要
改革开放以来,我国人民生活水平得到了极大的提高,但同时收入分配不均现象也呈现出愈演愈烈之势。城乡收入差距是当前我国收入分配问题的一个重要表现,对我国经济社会的稳定和发展产生了较大的影响。随着我国统一的劳动力市场的不断完善,市场机制在居民收入分配中的作用越来越明显,劳动力的收入水平越来越多地取决于自身素质的高低,以人力资本理论为主要基础的内生性城乡收入差距决定理论受到了越来越多的关注。因此,基于城乡收入差距和人力资本差距的客观状况,研究人力资本对城乡收入差距的影响作用并在此基础上提出缩小城乡收入差距的相应政策建议,具有一定的理论和现实意义。
     本文根据人力资本理论与城乡收入差距的相关研究现状,以浙江省为研究对象,分析了浙江省城乡居民收入差距的现状特征和变化趋势以及浙江省城乡人力资本差距的形成原因和相关表现,并基于这两方面的现实以及人力资本对城乡收入差距的作用机理研究了城乡人力资本差距对浙江省城乡居民收入差距的影响作用,并根据所得结论提出了缩小浙江省城乡收入差距的若干对策建议。
     本文共分为六章。第一章是导论部分,主要指出了本文研究的背景和意义,并介绍了研究现状和本文的研究内容、方法、创新点。第二章是研究的理论基础部分,首先论述了人力资本理论的发展,其次界定了城乡收入差距的概念并介绍了其测度指标,最后阐述了人力资本和收入分配的一般关系理论。第三章是浙江省城乡收入差距的特征分析。首先采用各种测度指标分析了浙江城乡收入差距的状况,并以主成分分析为工具对浙江省城乡收入差距作了一个重新估计,接下来是浙江城乡居民收入及其差距的构成分析。第四章是浙江省城乡人力资本差异的分析。第一节解释了浙江省城乡人力资本差距的形成原因;第二节分析了浙江省城乡人力资本在投资、结构和质量等方面的差距。第五章是人力资本对城乡收入差距影响的实证分析。第一节是城乡人力资本差距对城乡收入差距的的作用机理分析,第二节建立全省样本和省内分地区样本的面板数据模型实证分析了人力资本对浙江省城乡收入差距的影响作用。第六章是结论和政策建议部分,根据本文结论提出了缓解和缩小浙江省城乡收入差距的政策建议。
     本文的主要结论可以归纳为两个方面。一是分析了浙江省城乡收入差距和人力资本差距的状况,这是本文的现实基础。本文在这方面的结论主要有:
     (1)采用城乡收入比、基尼系数和泰尔指数等指标测算了浙江省城乡收入差距,结果都说明浙江省收入差距大体上呈现动态扩大之势;(2)从省内各地市的比较来看,有些地区的城乡收入差距比较严重,如丽水市近几年的城乡收入比已经超过了3.5;(3)从本文对浙江省城乡收入差距所作的一个重新估计结果看,以统计收入为数据基础测算的城乡收入差距在较大的程度上地低估了浙江省实际的城乡收入差距水平;(4)城乡人力资本差距内涵较广,城乡人力资本在投资、结构、质量等方面都存在较大的差距。
     二是研究人力资本对浙江省城乡收入差距的影响,这是本文的研究目标。以人力资本及其对城乡收入差距的作用机理等相关理论分析为基础,本文在这方面由实证分析得到的结论主要有:
     (1)通过对城乡居民收入的解构分析,以工资性收入和经营性收入为组成的基本收入在浙江省城乡居民的总体收入中占据了绝大部分,城乡居民的基本收入差距基本上解释了城乡收入差距的总体变化,而由基本收入和居民的人力资本水平的关联性可推断人力资本对浙江省城乡收入差距具有重要的影响作用;(2)从浙江省各地区面板数据模型的回归结果来看,全省和浙东北地区的城乡居民人力资本投资差异会拉大城乡收入差距,政府人力资本投资可以缩小城乡收入差距,而浙西南地区各人力资本投资对城乡收入差距影响不显著;(3)综合全省样本模型和分地区样本模型的结果,本文得到的结论是:对于浙江省来说,虽然城乡收入差距会因为城乡人均人力资本投资的差异而加剧,但政府可以通过制定相应的政策,加大对农村落后地区的教育和医疗方面的财政支持力度,从而有效地控制城乡收入差距的进一步扩大。
     本文可能的创新点主要有:
     运用主成分分析方法,得到了浙江省城乡收入差距的一个重新估计,为了解差距的真实状况提供参考;将研究限定为浙江省,并比较分析了省内各地市的差异性,更好地消除了其它影响因素的干扰;对人力资本对城乡收入差距的作用机理进行了分析,并以此出发选取人力资本变量进行实证分析,同时考察了居民和政府的这两大人力资本投资主体行为,区分了城乡居民和政府的人力资本投资对城乡收入差距的影响作用。
Since the reform and openness, our living standards have greatly improved, but at the same time the problems of income inequality is becoming increasingly severe of which the rural-urban income gap is an important aspect and has exerted a considerable influence on the economic development and social stability. With the continuous improvement of the nationwide unified labor market the market mechanism in the distribution of income is more and more obvious so that the labor income level is increasingly depending on their own quality and the endogenous decision theory of rural-urban income gap on the basis of human capital theory has been paid more and more attention. Therefore, the research on the impact of human capital to rural-urban income gap based on objective conditions of rural-urban income and human capital gap has certain theoretical and practical significance.
     According to the theory of human capital and the research situations, taking Zhejiang province as the research object, the paper firstly analyses the characteristics and the trend of rural-urban income gap, then the formation reasons and related performance of rural-urban human capital cap, and lastly the mechanism and empirical results of the impact of human capital to rural-urban income gap based on the reality. At last several suggestions to narrow rural-urban income gap according to the conclusion are put forward.
     The paper is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is the introduction. At first it points out the background and significance of the paper, then summarizes the related research situation, at last introduces the research contents, research methods, and structure arrangement. The second chapter is the theory foundation of the study. Firstly it discusses the development of the human capital theory; secondly it defines the related concept of rural-urban income gap and introduces its measure index; at last it states the theory on the relation between human capital and income distribution. The third chapter is the characteristic analysis of rural-urban income gap in Zhejiang. At first it using various measures analyzes the conditions of rural-urban income gap and with principal component analysis makes a reassessment of it. Next it makes composition analysis and comparison analysis of the rural-urban income gap in Zhejiang. The fourth chapter analyzes rural-urban human capital gap in Zhejiang. The first quarter explains the cause of formation of the gap from several reasons combining the provincial conditions. The second quarter analyzes urban-rural human capital gap from the aspects of investment, structure and quality. The fifth chapter is the empirical analysis on the influence of human capital to rural-urban income gap in Zhejiang. The first quarter is the mechanism analysis on the impact. The second quarter empirically analyzes the impact based on the panel data model. The sixth chapter is the conclusion and policy suggestions. It puts forward the policy recommendations according to the conclusions summarized to alleviate and narrow rural-urban income gap in Zhejiang.
     The main conclusions can be divided into two aspects. One is about the situation of rural-urban income and human capital gap in Zhejiang which is the realistic foundation. The main conclusions in the aspects are:
     (1)The results of different measures all presents the dynamic expansion of rural-urban income gap in Zhejiang;(2)From the perspective of internal comparison, rural-urban income gap of some areas in Zhejiang are getting serious in recent years, such as urban and rural income ratio in Lishui has been more than 3.5; (3)According to the result of the reassessment, the measures based on the statistical data underestimate the actual level of rural-urban income gap in Zhejiang in large extent;(4)The intension of rural-urban human capital gap is very meaningful and there is a relatively large rural-urban gap in human capital investment, structure, quality, etc.
     The other is about the impact of human capital to rural-urban income gap in Zhejiang and this is the target of the paper. Based on the mechanism of the impact and related theories the main conclusions in this aspect are:
     (1)Through the deconstruction analysis the basic income which consists the salary income and operational income takes up the most part of the income of urban and rural residents, and the basic income gap can explain the overall variation of rural-urban income gap in Zhejiang. It can be inferred that human capital has an important effect on the rural-urban income gap from the perspective of the relevance between human capital and the basic income. (2) From the results of regression model based on Zhejiang regional panel data, in the whole and the northeastern part of the province Zhejiang human capital gap between urban and rural residents will increase their income gap, but the government human capital can narrow the income gap; and in the southwestern part of the province both of the impact of the residents and government human capital investment to rural-unban income gap are not significant. (3) Synthesizing the results of the models with comprehensive sample and regional sample, this paper gets an important conclusion:although rural-urban income gap will get widen because of differences of rural-urban human capital investment gap in Zhejiang province, the government may formulate corresponding policies by increasing financial support in the education and medical treatment for rural areas to effectively prevent rural-urban income gap from widening.
     The innovation points of this paper mainly include:
     Obtain a reassessment of rural-urban income gap in Zhejiang province with principal component analysis so that we can understand its real condition. Define the study scope within Zhejiang province and make comparative analysis on the differences around the districts in the province in order to eliminate the interference of other factors. Analyze the mechanism of the impact of human capital to rural-urban income gap then make empirical analysis with selected human capital variables by investigating the behavior of both the residents and government human capital investment to distinguish their impacts.
引文
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