摘要
随着城镇污水处理厂的大规模建设和投产，污泥产量大幅度增加。污泥处理处置的基本原则是减量化、无害化、稳定化和安全化，开发低碳环保的污泥处理处置技术是目前国内外污水处理行业的研究热点。本研究以污水污泥和秸秆（调理剂）为原料，采用好氧堆肥预处理+蚯蚓处理工艺对污泥进行稳定化和无害化处理，研究污泥性质变化规律及影响因素，并分析蚯蚓粪质量。然后开展蚯蚓粪土地利用中试研究，运用系统聚类和分类主成分分析法研究不同施用水平下土壤重金属总量、化学形态和迁移能力以及土壤酶活性的变化规律，综合评估重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险，得出合理的蚯蚓粪施用量。主要结论如下：
①好氧堆肥使污泥含水率和有机质含量分别由73.0%和44.6%降至52.1%和35.6%，污泥显著减容且病原体含量显著减少，为蚯蚓处理创造了良好条件。蚯蚓处理使污泥堆肥pH由7.4±0.2降至6.5±0.1，TOC由205.8±7.6g/kg降至154.7±13.1g/kg；EC（电导率）由1.16±0.10ms/cm升至1.40±0.12ms/cm，TN、TP和TK分别由13.1±0.7、12.5±0.3和2.7±0.2g/kg升至17.9±1.3、17.3±1.4和3.7±0.4g/kg，显著高于对照组。蚯蚓粪中碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量大幅度升高，C/N降至8.7±1.3，GI达到85%以上，无害化效果显著，其病原体和重金属含量符合我国园林绿化和土地改良的控制标准。ESEM分析显示，蚯蚓粪结构松散、孔隙率高、团粒结构丰富，说明蚯蚓处理显著提高了污泥的回收利用价值。
②蚯蚓放养密度、物料含水率及二者的交互作用对蚯蚓处理效果存在显著影响，其影响作用大小依次为：放养密度＞含水率＞交互作用，其中，放养密度和含水率的影响占主导作用。蚯蚓处理污水污泥的最优工况为：放养密度2.5kg/m~2、物料含水率60%。
③蚯蚓和微生物分解有机质的过程中存在质量损失，使重金属相对浓度升高，但重金属总量变化不大。蚯蚓粪中重金属的含量依次为：Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Ni＞As＞Cd＞Hg，且大多以稳定性更高的可氧化态和残渣态形式存在，说明蚯蚓处理可促进重金属钝化/固化，降低其生物毒性。蚯蚓对Ni和Cd表现出较强的生物富集作用，平均富集系数分别为2.18和1.46，但蚯蚓对Zn和Cu的吸收能力更强，其平均吸收量分别达到472.37mg/kg和103.95mg/kg。
④施用20-60t/hm~2的蚯蚓粪使土壤pH降低，TOC、TN、TP和TK分别由25.7±0.6、1.5±0.01、0.5±0.01和14.3±0.4g/kg升至52.7±6.6、2.0±0.2、0.7±0.1和16.4±0.8g/kg，蚯蚓粪中大量腐殖酸、磷酸盐、铵盐、钾盐及其他无机离子进入土壤是提高土壤肥力主要因素。
⑤施用蚯蚓粪使土壤酶的整体活性水平显著升高，其中，过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性分别由9.5±0.1和1.6±0.1mL/g升至9.5±2.3和2.0±0.2mL/g，脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性分别由100.0±7.7、16.2±2.2和18.5±2.4μg/(g.h)升至115.5±15.3、28.7±6.2和31.8±4.7μg/(g.h)，土壤养分含量增加和微生物活性增强是提高土壤酶活性的主要因素。在20-60t/hm~2的施用范围内，土壤酶具有较高的聚合性，芳基硫酸酯酶活性变化可以表征土壤氧化还原酶和水解酶活性的变化规律；Cu对过氧化氢酶活性具有明显的抑制作用，Cd对碱性磷酸酶活性具有一定的抑制作用，Zn对芳基硫酸酯酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性均表现为激活作用，且各种重金属对酶活性的影响程度随蚯蚓粪施用量的升高而增强。
⑥在20-60t/hm~2的蚯蚓粪施用范围内，土壤重金属含量有所升高，但仍远低于《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618-1995）的二级标准，且弱酸提取态和可还原态重金属含量无明显变化。土壤重金属在植株内的迁移能力依次为：Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞Ni＞Cd＞As＞Cr＞Hg，其中，毒性较高的Hg、Cd和As的迁移系数均在0.4以下，迁移能力很低。土壤重金属具有良好的聚合性，可以使用Zn和Cu含量变化来表征大部分重金属的变化规律。
⑦施用蚯蚓粪一年后，土壤重金属的潜在生态风险程度依次为：Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Ni＞Zn＞Cr，但总体处于较低水平，与对照组相比无明显变化；受供试土壤重金属背景值的影响，Cd是最主要的潜在生态风险贡献因子。当施用量≥50t/hm~2时，土壤受到轻度重金属污染。蚯蚓粪适用于碱性或弱碱性土壤，且不宜用于食物链植物，综合风险评价结果，提出合理的施用量为20-30t/hm~2。
The sludge production has increased obviously following with the large-scaleconstruction and commissioning of urban wastewater treatment plant. The basicprinciple of sludge treatment and disposal are reduction, harmlessness, stabilization andsafety. Development of low carbon and environmental sludge treatment and disposalprocess is a research focus in sewage treatment industry at home and abroad. Usingsewage sludge and straw (expansion agent) as raw materials, Vermicomposting wasapplied to stabilization and harmless treatment of sewage sludge by employing Eiseniafetida with aerobic composting as pretreatment process in this study. The change ofsludge property and its influencing factors were investigated and vermicompost qualitywas analyzed, too. Then the land application test for vermicompost was carried out witha pilot-scale. The variation of total content, chemical speciation and migration ability ofsoil heavy metals and soil enzyme activity in different vermicompost application ratewere studied through hierarchical cluster and categorical principal components analysis.A reasonable application rate for vermicompost was proposed based on thecomprehensive evaluation result of heavy metal pollution level and its potentialecological risk. The principal conclusions were obtained as follows.
①Aerobic composting could reduce sludge water content and organic mattercontent from73.0%and44.6%to52.1%and35.6%, respectively. The volume andpathogen content of sludge has decreased obviously. These changes have createdfavorable conditions for vermicomposting. Results showed that vermicomposting coulddecrease compost pH from7.4±0.2to6.5±0.1, TOC from205.8±7.6g/kg to154.7±13.1g/kg; and also increase Electric Conductivity(EC) from1.16±0.10ms/cm to1.40±0.12ms/cm, and TN, TP and TK from13.1±0.7、12.5±0.3and2.7±0.2g/kg to17.9±1.3、17.3±1.4and3.7±0.4g/kg, respectively. The growth rate of these nutrients issignificantly higher than that of control group. The content of available nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in vermicompost increased substantially. In addition,Germination Index(GI) of vermicompost could reach more than85%. Thevermicompost, whose pathogens and heavy metal contents could meet the allowablelimit for landscaping land improvement, has a carbon-nitrogen ratio equal to8.7±1.3.Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope(ESEM) analysis showed thatvermicompost has loose structure, high porosity and abundant granular structure. It is seemed that vermicomposting of sewage sludge could obtain a good harmless effect andenhance its recycling value significantly.
②The significant effect of earthworm stocking density, material water contentand their interaction on vermicomposting was in the order of stocking densities> watercontent> interaction. The first two factors play a dominant role in process among them.The optimal processing conditions for vermicomposting of sewage sludge were:stocking density was2.5kg/m~2and moisture content was60%.
③Relative contents of heavy metals in vermicompost were higher than initialmixtures due to mass loss with decomposition and mineralization of organic matter byEisenia fetida and microorganism but its total content had no significant change. Theheavy metals content level was in the order of Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Ni>As>Cd>Hg. Mostheavy metals were found exist in more stable forms, including oxidizable speciation andresidual speciation. Therefore, vermicomposting could effectively reduce bio-toxicity ofheavy metals through passivation or curing. Eisenia fetida showed a strong enrichmenton Ni and Cd and its average corresponding enrichment coefficient were2.18and1.46.While Eisenia fetida exhibits a stronger absorptive capacity on Zn and Cu and itsaverage absorbing capacity reached to472.37and103.95mg/kg, respectively.
④An application rate of20-60t/hm~2of vermicompost would decrease soil pH,but increase TOC、TN、TP and TK from25.7±0.6,1.5±0.01,0.5±0.01and14.3±0.4g/kg to2.7±6.6、2.0±0.2、0.7±0.1and16.4±0.8g/kg, respectively. The humic acid,phosphate, ammonium salt, sylvite and other inorganic ions contained in vermicompostwere main factors which improve soil fertility.
⑤Application of vermicompost could significantly enhance whole activity levelof soil enzyme. Including catalase and invertase activity, which rise from9.5±0.1and1.6±0.1mL/g to9.5±2.3and2.0±0.2mL/g; and urease, alkaline phosphatase andaryl sulfatase activity, which rise from100.0±7.7,16.2±2.2and18.5±2.4μg/(g.h) to115.5±15.3,28.7±6.2and31.8±4.7μg/(g.h). The soil nutrient increase and microbialactivity enhanced were main factors which improved soil enzyme activity. It has beendemonstrated that soil enzymes have a higher aggregation and changes in aryl sulfataseactivity could characterize variation of most oxidoreductase and hydrolase activity withan application rate of20-60t/hm~2. The catalase activity was obviously inhibited by Cuand alkaline phosphatase activity suffered certain degree of inhibition originated fromCd, while Zn showed activation on aryl sulfatase, polyphenol oxidase and catalaseactivity. These influences would become more and more evident with the increase of vermicompost application rate.
⑥An application rate of20-60t/hm~2of vermicompost would increase content ofsoil heavy metals while they were still within the allowable limit of secondary standardof Soil Environmental Quality Standard. The content of weak acid extraction andreducible speciation had no significant change. Migration ability of heavy metals inplant was in the order of Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cd>As>Cr>Hg; while these elements withhighly biological toxicity, such as Hg、Cd and As have a weak migration ability andtheir migration coefficients were lower than0.4. Soil heavy metals have strongaggregation and changes in Zn and Cu content could characterize variation of mostheavy metals.
⑦Potential ecological risk degree of soil heavy metals was in the order ofCd>Hg>Cu>As>Pb>Ni>Zn>Cr after application vermicompost a year, but overall riskcould still maintained a lower level and this was similar to that of control group. It hasbeen confirmed that Cd was the major contribution factor on potential ecological riskdue to its higher background value. The tested soil may suffer slight heavy metalpollution when application rate of vermicompost exceed50t/hm~2. It is suggested thatvermicompost is suitable for alkalinity or alkalescence soil but should not be used forplants in food chain. Finally, an application rate equal to20-30t/hm~2was proposed asreasonable dosage based on comprehensive risk assessment.
引文
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