摘要
毒物兴奋效应越来越受到人们的重视,随之也带来了一系列的争论。人类在农林业生产和日常生活中大量使用有机磷类农药,使得海洋有机磷农药污染问题显得尤为突出。海洋微藻是海洋生态系统最主要的初级生产者,在维持海洋生态系统平衡和稳定中扮演着至关重要的角色。有机磷农药对海洋微藻可能引起的毒物兴奋效应及其生态风险是当前国际关注的焦点问题。论文选用目前我国使用最广泛的草甘磷、乐果和敌百虫有机磷农药,以及典型的赤潮微藻和饵料微藻为试验材料,从微藻生长繁殖、营养吸收、生化组分和光合特性等方面着手,研究了有机磷农药对海洋微藻的毒物兴奋效应及其机理问题。预期研究结果可望为深入认识低剂量毒物兴奋效应的特征和机理提供基础数据,还为有机磷农药的合理使用、海洋生物资源多样性的保护和海洋有机磷农药污染的生态风险预测及规避提供理论依据。
1.研究了低浓度有机磷农药草甘磷、乐果和敌百虫对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)、赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)、锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、角毛藻(Chaetoceros sp.)、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylumtricornutum)、杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina)和亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)生长的影响。结果表明:低浓度有机磷农药对海洋微藻生长的影响不但具有明显的农药品种差异与微藻种类差异,而且还与作用时间和作用浓度有关。低浓度有机磷农药对海洋微藻生长影响的表现形式包括:促进生长、抑制生长、没有作用(既不促进也不抑制)。在所选农药和微藻中,低浓度促进作用较为明显的有草甘磷-中肋骨条藻、草甘磷-赤潮异弯藻、乐果-赤潮异弯藻、敌百虫-亚心形扁藻四种农药和藻种组合。总体而言,低浓度有机磷农药对赤潮微藻的促进作用较为明显。
2.以草甘磷-中肋骨条藻、草甘磷-赤潮异弯藻、乐果-赤潮异弯藻、敌百虫-亚心形扁藻为组合,观察了有机磷农药对海洋微藻生长的毒物兴奋效应特征及规律。结果表明:有机磷农药对微藻的毒物兴奋效应具有普遍性,草甘磷对中肋骨条藻、草甘磷对赤潮异弯藻、乐果对赤潮异弯藻以及敌百虫对亚心形扁藻均产生不同程度的毒物兴奋效应,即在低浓度的时候刺激了微藻的生长,而在高浓度的时候抑制了微藻的生长。有机磷农药对海洋微藻生长产生毒物兴奋效应的作用时间和浓度具有明显差异性。
3.测定了不同浓度草甘磷处理中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻培养液中无机磷和无机氮浓度,结果表明:低浓度草甘磷处理促进了中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻的生长;相对于高浓度而言,低浓度的草甘磷处理加快了藻液中无机磷与无机氮无机磷的消耗。总体来说,10mg·L~(-1)和50 mg·L~(-1)浓度草甘磷处理的培养液中磷酸盐和硝酸盐浓度较高,而对照、0.1mg·L~(-1)和1 mg·L~(-1)浓度草甘磷处理的培养液中磷酸盐和硝酸盐浓度较低。
4.研究了不同浓度草甘磷处理下中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻生化组分(叶绿素a、蛋白质和碳水化合物)的变化情况,结果表明,高浓度的草甘磷显著地降低了微藻叶绿素a、蛋白质和碳水化合物含量;而0.1 mg·L~(-1)和1 mg·L~(-1)低浓度草甘磷则不同程度地提高了两种海洋微藻的叶绿素a、蛋白质和碳水化合物含量。不同浓度有机磷农药作用下海洋微藻生化组分的变化规律,从生化组分方面证明了有机磷农药引起海洋微藻生长毒物兴奋效应现象的合理性。
5.研究了不同浓度草甘磷处理下中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻光合作用变化情况,结果表明,高浓度草甘磷降低了中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻PSII最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光能转化效率(Yield)、光合电子传递效率(ETR)和光化学淬灭(qP)等荧光参数;而低浓度草甘磷却在一定程度上刺激了中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻的PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光能转化效率(Yield)、光合电子传递效率(ETR)和光化学淬灭(qP)等荧光参数的上升。
Hormesis is a phenomenon characterized by dose-response relationships displaying low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition.In recent years,hormesis has attracted people's great attention;meanwhile,it has brought about a series of controversies.Large amounts of organosphosphorus pesticides applied in the agricultural practices and daily life have resulted in serious contamination in marine environment.Marine microalgae are the first primary producers in the marine ecosystem,playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance and stability of marine ecosystem.It has become a hot topic to study the hormesis caused by organophosphours pesticides on marine microalgae and its ecological risk.In this study,three widely-used organophosphours pesticides including glyphosate,dimethoate and trichlorfon,as well as eight typical red tide microalgae and feed microalgae were selected as experimental materials;some parameters indicating the growth,nutrient uptake,biochemical composition and photosynthesis of microalgae were determined so as to explore the hormesis induced by organophosphours pesticides on marine microalgae and its underlying mechanisms.Such fmdings will provide some basic data for in-depth understanding of the characteristics and mechanisms of hormesis; besides,they will provide a theoretical base for the application of organophosphorus pesticides, protection of marine bioresources and prevention of ecological risk resulted from organophosphorus contamination.
1.Growth of eight representative marine microalgae including Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo,Phaeocystis globosa,Scrippsiella trochoidea,Chaetoceros sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum,Dunaliella salina and Platyrnonas subcordiformis was investigated in low concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides of glyphosate,dimethoate and trichlorfon.The results indicated that the effects of low-concentration organophosphorus pesticides on growth of marine microalgae were dependent on the pesticide variety and microalgal species,and also related with culture time and pesticide concentration. Low-concentration organophosphorus pesticides could stimulate the growth,inhibit the growth or have no influence on the growth of marine microalgae.Obvious stimulation could be observed in the combinations of pesticides and microalgae including glyphosate-Skeletonema costatum, glyphosate-Heterosigma akashiwo,dimethoate-Heterosigma akashiwo,and trichlorfon-Platymonas subcordiformis,suggesting that it might be much more general for the red tide microalgae to be stimulated by low-concentration organophosphorus pesticides as compared with the feed microalgae.
2.All the four combinations of pesticide and microalgae listed above were selected to further examine the characteristics and rules of hormesis induced by organophosphorus pesticides in marine microalgae.The results demonstrated that it might be a generalization that hormesis could be induced by organophosphorus pesticides in marine microalgae. Organophosphorus pesticides in low concentrations stimulated the growth of marine microalgae, while organophosphorus pesticides in high concentrations restrained the growth of marine microalgae.Moreover,there were significant timing and concentrations differences in the hormesis induced by organophosphorus pesticides in marine microalgae.
3.Contents of inorganic P and N were measured in the culture medium of Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo treated with different glyphosate concentations.Our results showed that as compared with the high glyphosate concentrations,low ones promoted the growth of Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo;less consumption of inorganic P and N was found in low glyphosate concentrations.In general,there were higher inorganic P and N concents in the culture medium under 10 mg-L~(-1) and 50 mg·L~(-1) concentrations of glyphosate, whereas lower inorganic P and N concents under glyphosate concentrations of 0.1 mg·L~(-1) and 1 mg·L~(-1).
4.Changes in the biochemical compositions including chlorophyll a,protein and carbonhydrate of Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo were studied under various glyphosate levels.The results implied that high concentrations of glyphosate remarkably decreased the contents of chlorophyll a,protein and carbonhydrate,but low concentrations of glyphosate potentially enhanced the contents of chlorophyll a,protein and carbonhydrate in two marine microalgae.The phenomenon of hormesis induced by organophosphorus pesticides in marine microalgae had been proved from the biochemical composition aspect in which alteration occurred in biochemical compositions under different glyphosate concentrations.
5.Differences in the photosynthesis of Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo were compared in the presence of various glyphosate concentrations.The results suggested that high concentrations of glyphosate distinctly reduced the photosynthesis by decreasing the maximal photochemical effciency(Fv/Fm),actual photochemical efficiency(Yield),electron transport rate(ETR) and photochemical quenching(qP) of Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo.To some extent,low concentrations of glyphosate stimulated the photosynthesis of Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo by inceasing the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters mentioned above.
引文
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