摘要
近年来,低氧训练正在兴起。研究已经证实,常氧条件下过量运动会导致免疫抑制,低氧环境会损害机体的免疫机能。低氧训练时机体同时承受运动和缺氧的双重刺激,应激程度明显加剧,但目前关于低氧训练及其机理的系统研究还不充分,对低氧训练后机体免疫机能及其变化机制的研究显得尤为薄弱。由于尚缺乏高强度训练模型,目前对高强度低氧训练后免疫机能的变化还未见报导。
研究目的:1、建立高强度低氧训练动物模型;2、研究中等及高强度低氧训练、高住低练对提高有氧及无氧运动能力的效果;3、探寻中等及高强度低氧训练、高住低练后机体免疫应答的反应及适应规律,为低氧训练实践中免疫机能监控提供理论依据;4、探讨不同模式低氧训练后免疫机能变化的可能机制;5、探讨不同训练强度下氧环境对机体免疫系统的影响,为科学制定低氧训练计划提供理论依据。
研究方法:225只大鼠按氧环境分为常氧、高住低练和低氧三大组,每一大组再按训练强度分为无训练、中等强度训练和高强度训练三小组,取样前根据最后一次运动负荷每小组再分为安静组和定量运动组,共形成24种组合。中强度训练组训练5周,高强度训练组训练6周。取血样进行血细胞分类计数、IL-2、IL-4、应激激素和过氧化水平检测,取脾脏分离淋巴细胞和NK细胞,进行淋巴细胞转化功能、NK细胞活性测定。
研究结论:本研究成功地建立了不同低氧训练方式中、高强度训练的动物模型,研究结果证明,HiLo和低氧训练不仅可以提高有氧能力(低氧训练的效果显著好于HiLo),而且能够提高无氧耐力(HiLo与低氧训练效果并无显著差异)。
但HiLo和低氧训练在有效提高运动成绩的同时也会带来免疫机能的变化。与常氧训练比,低氧训练对基础状态下的免疫机能影响不大,在定量运动中甚至表现出部分免疫机能的节省化现象;而HiLo训练对基础状态下免疫机能具有明显的损害作用,尤其是HiLo有氧耐力训练。
氧环境和训练强度对基础状态下不同免疫机能的影响不同,氧环境对B-SI、训练强度对WBC、B-SI、NK活性均有显著性独立影响。与常氧和HiLo环境比,低氧环境能够刺激B细胞的分化;与无训练和中等强度训练比,高强度训练会显著降低WBC及单核细胞的数量,促进B细胞分化,提高NK细胞活性。
WBC及其分类、NK细胞活性、IL-4水平是不同强度低氧训练中反映免疫机能变化的有效指标,可用于免疫机能的监控。由于WBC及其分类检测方便、反应敏感,因此,可作为低氧训练中免疫监控的首选指标。
不同模式低氧训练引起免疫机能的诸多变化与神经内分泌、氧化应激水平之间有着密切的关系。皮质激素和ACTH水平的升高、合成激素水平的降低以及高氧化应激压力均与HiLo组的免疫低下有关。
Hypoxic training is developing these years. It has been proved that immoderate exercise leads to inhibition of immune system in normal oxygen environment and hypoxic environments also cause immunodeficiency. The level of stress increases seriously during hypoxic training because body undertakes the stimulus of both exercise and hypoxia. But the study about the mechanism of hypoxic training is not enough, especially about immune function and its mechanism. The researches mainly focus on the aerobic training and there is a divergence of the results now. The changes of immune function after hypoxic training of high intensity have not been reported because there is not a moderate model of high intensity training.
Objective: 1 set up a model of high intensity training; 2 inquire into the effects of moderate and high intensity HiLo and hypoxic training on the raising of aerobic and anaerobic ability; 3 find out the law of immune system reaction to moderate and high intensity HiLo and hypoxic training, provide scientific basis for immune function supervising during hypoxic training; 4 study the possible mechanism of immune function changes after hypoxic training of different model; 5 explore the influence of oxygen environment under different training intensity, provide the theory foundation for making the hypoxic training plan rationally.
Method: 225 rats were randomly divided into 24 combinations according to the oxygen environment [normal o_2 , living high and training low (HiLo) , living low and training low (LL) ]and the training intensity [no training , moderate intensity training (MT) and high intensity training (HT) ]and the load of exercise before drawing samples (no load and regular exercise ).The period of training was 5 wks (MT) and 6 wks (HT) respectively. We drew the blood to measure the white blood cells (WBC) and their classification, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, stress hormone and super oxidative level, and drew the spleen and separate lymphocyte cells and nature killer cells (NK) to measure the function of lymphocyte proliferation and NK activity.
Conclusion: We set up animal models of moderate and high intensity hypoxic training of different methods. Our results showed that HiLo and LL could improve not only aerobic ability (the effect of LL was better) but also anaerobic ability (there were no difference between two groups) , but they brout changes of immune system. Compared with the training in normal o_2, training in LL had no significant effect on the immune system in quiet state and the immune system was even economical in regular exercise Stat. But HiLo did harm to the immune system in quiet state, especially the aerobic training. The influence of oxygen environment and training intensity on different function of immune system in quiet state was different. The oxygen environment had independent influence on B lymphocyte proliferation and the training intensity did on WBC, B lymphocyte proliferation and NK activity. Compared with normal 02 and HiLo enviument, LL environment could stimulate B lymphocyte proliferation. Compared with no training and MT, HT could decrease the number of WBC and monocyte; improve the function of B lymphocyte and NK activity.
WBC and its classification, NK activity, IL-4 is the effect targets to judge the changes of immune system during hypoxic training of different models. WBC and its classification could be used as the first target because it can be measured easily and is highly sensitive to hypoxic training.
There were close relationships among the changes of immune system and the neuro-endocrine, oxidative stress. The increase of cortisol, ACTH, oxidative level and the decrease of synthetic hormone was the important mechanism of the immune system injury of HiLo.
引文
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