摘要
黑龙江省是我国最主要的粮食生产基地之一,但春季、夏初经常发生不同程度的干旱,特别是西部的大庆、齐齐哈尔地区和西南部的松嫩平原地区尤为突出。常年干旱已经严重的制约了黑龙江省农业的可持续发展。而黑龙江省的耕地又多为坡耕地,分布在东部和西部,集中在6～9月份的降雨多以暴雨的形式出现,在地表形成径流,因此极易造成侵蚀,严重的水土流失也已成为制约黑龙江省农业的可持续发展的又一个重要因素。因此,采取正确合理的耕作方法,并配合相应农机具进行高效率的作业以减小水土流失并节水保田势在必行。
本课题主要针对黑龙江省西部半干旱坡耕地的春旱和雨季到来之前时易产生田间径流的问题,提出了一种节水保土的新的耕作方法——中耕开沟成垱联合作业。根据农艺要求,设计了相应作业的机具——中耕开沟筑垱联合作业机,旨在实现节水保土的可持续发展农艺。本课题主要从以下几个方面进行研究:
1、首先,进行了中耕开沟成垱联合作业机具的设计工作,完成了各部件——机架、传动系统、开沟成垱铲、控制系统、中耕部件以及限深部件的设计。在传动系统的设计中,突破了传统的设计方法,采用MATLAB的数学建模设计技术,首先建立起所需机构的数学模型,再将理想的运动轨迹微分化,通过迭代轨迹的坐标逆推计算出各杆件的长度。通过CATIA的实体造型和运动仿真功能设计仿真出传动系统各构件最佳的空间位置和几何形状。采用继电器控制机具进行间歇作业,控制电路的成本较低、工作较可靠,达到了机、电、液的结合。最后对整个机构的提升力进行了计算。
2、为保证机具能实现农艺的要求,进行了开沟筑垱作业的试验研究,分别以开沟深度、铲板宽度和作业速度等条件为试验因素,所开沟穴和形成土垱的理论尺寸作为试验指标,采用正交试验方法,使用极差分析和方差分析法分析确定各因素对各指标影响的主次顺序,并选取各因素的最优组合,得到结论:当开沟深度为100mm,铲板宽度为350mm,作业速度在3.0km/h左右时的开沟成垱作业效果较佳。
3、应用电测法,对开沟成垱部件和整个机具在不同作业速度下受力的情况进行测试,经试验研究得出以下结论;
(1)对开沟成垱部件:作业速度在2.5~3km/h区间时,开沟成垱作业阻力随着作业速度的增加而增大;而作业速度在3~3.5km/h区间时,开沟成垱作业阻力随着作业速度的增加而减小,作业速度为3km/h时作业阻力最大,为313.03N;作业速度为3.5km/h时作业阻力最小,为214.00 N。
(2)对于机具:作业速度在2.5~3.5km/h区间内,机具的耕作阻力随着作业速度的增大而减小,作业速度为2.5km/h时作业阻力最大,为9962.9N;作业速度为3.5km/h时作业阻力最小,为6872.9N。
4、进行开沟成垱部件的计算机辅助分析(CAE)研究。本文根据开沟成垱铲以及机架的受载特点,基于ANSYS软件分别对其进行有限元分析。
Heilongjiang province is one of the main food production bases in China. It often occurs drought in different degree in spring and summer, especially the western area of daqing, Qiqihar and songnen plain region of southwest. Drought has serious restriction throughout the sustainable development of agriculture in Heilongjiang province. There are lot of slope in the east and west in Heilongjiang province. Rainfall forces on from June to September which makes runoff. Soil erosion restricts the sustainable development of agriculture in Heilongjiang province is another important factors. So, taking the reasonable cultivation method and using the farming tools is imperative.
For solving this problem we introduce a new cultivating method– cultivator, ditching and ridging. Precipitation has been used effectively through saving rainfall and reducing surface runoff. A new machine has been designed for this cultivating method. This subject researched mainly from following several aspects:
1、Firstly, design of intertillage weeding furrowing and furrow diking machine has been done, which include frame, driven system, controlling system, intertillage part, and limits the deep cellular. Mathematical modeling has been used with MATLAB for transmission systems design, which broken down the traditional design method. First link mechanism model is made. Then the tracking formulations are cauculated. Finally each length of links are calculated according to iteration of tracking. To optimize the driven system through 3D modeling and kinematics simulation based on CATIA. Machine is controlling by relay, which has low price and reliable work. The machine combines electricity and liquid. Finally, the calculating of lifting capacity was done.
2、In order to meet the requirement of agronomic, Experimental study of working effect has been done. The depth of ditching, the width of shovel plate and the speed of tractors are chose as factors. The struction of ditching and ridge are chose as target. The orthogonal experiment, extreme difference analysis and variance analysis are used to makes data processing.: the work results is more better when the depth of ditching is 100mm, the width of shovel plate is 350mm and the speed of tractors is 3.0km/h.
3、Experimental study of cultivation resistance was done and the conclusion is following:
(1)To the work component: when the speeds are in the range of 2.5 to 3km/h, the cultivation resistance increases with the speed increasing. When the speeds are in the range of 3.0 to 3.5km/h, the cultivation resistance decreases with the speed increasing.Cultivation resistance is 313.03N which is the largest when the speed is 3km/h.Cultivation resistance is 214.0N which is the least when the speed is 3.5km/h.
(2) To the machine: when the speeds are in the range of 2.5 to 3.5km/h, the cultivation resistance decreases with the speed increasing. Cultivation resistance is 9962.9N which is the largest when the speed is 2.5km/h.Cultivation resistance is 6872.9N which is the least when the speed is 3.5km/h.
4、Computer-aided analysis to the key component has been done. The three dimensional finite element analyses with the ANSYS software to the key component and frame have been done according to the force characteristic.
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