摘要
由于公路隧道结构和环境的特殊性,不可避免存在空间封闭、照度低、环境单调等问题。这种特殊环境必然会影响驾驶人的心理和生理状态,进而影响驾驶行为。本文以隧道实车试验为依据,探索驾驶人在隧道动态环境中的视觉机能变化、以及心率等生理和心理指标变化特征；用定量方法研究隧道环境对驾驶人生理和心理特性的影响,为特殊环境中人的信息认知和公路隧道设计以及安全运营管理提供重要理论依据。
在对国内外隧道安全运营及驾驶人生理和心理特性研究成果分析的基础上结合我国实际情况,选择典型公路长隧道、特长隧道以及短隧道为实验对象,选用Eye Link Ⅱ型动态眼动记录仪和KF2型人体多导生理参数记录仪等设备,实时监测并记录驾驶人有关眼动和生理指标变化参数,分别对车辆在隧道入口段、洞内行车段以及出口段行驶过程中,驾驶人相关生理和心理参数指标的变化以及操纵行为特征进行了分析。
在长隧道及特长隧道入口段,驾驶人平均注视时间增加,注视次数逐渐减少,扫视幅度随接近隧道入口距离减小而减少,眼睛则更加关注入口及周围较小范围内的信息；进隧道后瞳孔面积迅速增加,呈指数函数增长。在此过程中,驾驶人心率增量波动较大；而在入口前呼吸率水平明显低于入口后。车辆在进入隧道前,驾驶人会采取减速行为,以相对低的速度进入隧道,在基本适应隧道环境后,车辆运行速度随之增加。
驾驶人在长隧道及特长隧道内的行车段,眼睛以长时间注视为主,平均注视次数减少,扫视幅度变大,扫视速度变化的差异较大；但瞳孔面积一直保持在较大值,中间伴随不同幅度的波动。驾驶人心率增量比例波动幅度不大,入口段结束后基本趋于平稳且保持在较低水平,在接近隧道出口之前出现小幅回升或明显波动。行车速度多数选择在限速值附近,大体保持稳定车速行驶。
在长隧道及特长隧道出口段,驾驶人注视时间逐渐降低,出隧道后变化平稳；注视次数呈上升趋势,在隧道外高于隧道内。驾驶人心率增量在隧道出口段以小幅波动,并呈现出较为明显的上升趋势,变化峰值一般出现在隧道出口后；呼吸率变化呈现出一致的“阶梯上升”趋势,上升过程出现在隧道出口至出口后区域。驾驶人自发现隧道出口起,会提高行车速度,有尽快离开隧道环境的欲望。
Due to the structure and special environment of the highway tunnel, there inevitably exists some problems such as low illumination, closed space, drab environment and so on. This special environment will inevitably influence on driver's psychological and physiological, even on driving behavior. This paper is based on the real car experiment in the tunnel to explore the variation characteristics of driver's physiological and psychological indexes in the tunnel dynamic environment, such as visual function and heart rate. By the quantitative method to study on the impact of freeway tunnel environment on driver's physiological and psychological, it could provide important theory basis for person's information cognition in the special environment, highway tunnel design, safe operation and management.
Based on the domestic and overseas research results of the tunnel safety operation, physiological and psychological performance, combining with the actual situation in our country, choose the long tunnel, super long tunnel and short tunnel as experiment objects, use Eye Link Ⅱ(a equipment records the dynamic eye movement)and KF2(a equipment records human physiological parameters) to monitor and record the variation of driver's eye movement and physiological indexes in real time, analyze the variation of driver's physiological and psychological parameters and the characteristics of manipulate behavior in the sections of tunnel entrance, driving period and tunnel exit.
In the entrance sections of the long tunnel and super long tunnel, the driver's average fixation time increases, the number of fixations is on the decline, and with the gradually winding down to the tunnel entrance saccade amplitude decrease simultaneously, eyes are more concerned the information of the entrance and surrounding smaller range. And the lever of respiratory rate before the entrance is significantly lower than the after. Before driving into a tunnel, the driver will reduce the speed so that the vehicle would be into the tunnel with a relatively low speed, then when the driver adapts the tunnel environment, the vehicle accelerated.
In the driving period of the long tunnel and super long tunnel, fixation is mainly long time, the average number of fixations is on the decline, and saccade amplitude increases simultaneously, saccade velocity changes in differences. The pupil area is keeping in higher values with some amplitude of difference fluctuations. The fluctuation range of driver's heart rate increment is small, it is tend to stable in low lever after entrance section, and it is rebounded slightly or apparent fluctuations with the vehicle is close to the exit in the tunnel. The vehicle drives mainly nearby the limit speed value, and the speed is generally stable.
In the exit sections of the long tunnel and super long tunnel, the driver's fixation time gradually reduces, and it varies smoothly out the tunnel. The number of fixations increases, and its value out the tunnel is greater than that in the tunnel. Driver's heart rate increment fluctuates in small range in tunnel exit section and presents obvious rising trend, the peak value generally appears outside. The change of the respiratory rate shows a consistent "ladder rising" trend, this rising process appears in the exit section till outside. When a driver discovers the exit, he will raise the vehicle speed and has a desire to leave the tunnel environment as soon as possible.
Because of the length of the short tunnel, we can see the exit in the tunnel entrance, if the illumination of the internal environment is also higher, the visual features, psychological and physiological parameters of the drivers, and the speed change a little, they are broadly similar with the other sections of the highway. However, the driver's saccade time changes like the "V-shape", it is that the fixation duration decreases after entering enter the tunnel, then increase after getting through it, the fixation time in the tunnel is generally lower than outside.
The research shows that the lighting landscape zones installed in the super-long tunnel have significant effect on the drivers'visual function, the fixation duration decreases, the number of fixations and saccade amplitude increases simultaneously with the constantly close to the lighting landscape zones; when exiting the lighting landscape zones with a certain distance, fixation duration continue to increase, the number of fixations decrease at first and then it increase, with the distance extended, the number of fixations decrease gradually; After entering the landscape zone a certain distance, the saccade amplitude begins to decrease, and increases after driving out the landscape
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