摘要
海洋生态系统与全球气候变化的相互关系是目前备受关注的热点问题。作为海洋生态系统主要生产者的浮游植物,一般被认为是表征海洋环境气候变化非常好的指标。长时间遥感数据集的累积为研究海洋对物理环境的多尺度生态响应提供了可靠的数据源。本论文综合利用多年的水色数据、微波数据以及实测数据,系统研究了西北太平洋和东北印度洋(10°S～60°N,75°E～160°E)浮游植物叶绿素a浓度以及藻华发生时间的多尺度变化特征,探讨了引起多尺度变化的因素,重点分析了短周期气候振荡对浮游植物的影响,深入理解了这些海域的生态系统及其与物理过程的耦合作用,为我们进一步认识全球变暖将如何在未来影响海洋生态系统打下基础。本文的主要研究内容和结论如下：
(1)通过对叶绿素a浓度的季节、年际和趋势变化分析,发现东北印度洋的大部分区域和西北太平洋的副热带环流区叶绿素呈现显著的下降趋势,每年的平均下降速率在1%以内。而其他区域基本均呈现上升的趋势,黄海、渤海以及鄂霍次克海的大部分海域每年的上升速率较快,均超过了1%,甚至有些海域达到了4%以上。赤道印度洋、南海、西太暖池以及西北太平洋副热带环流区是年际变化显著的区域。短周期气候振荡是影响这些区域叶绿素a浓度年际变化的重要因素。ENSO以及IOD事件会引起经向风的改变,是控制赤道印度洋以及西太暖池海域叶绿素a浓度年际变化的关键因素。对于南海来说,El Nino年海表温度上升是导致叶绿素a浓度偏低的关键因素。但是,La Nina事件对南海海盆叶绿素a浓度年际变化的影响较小。而西北太平洋副热带环流区对ENSO的响应与其他海域相反,导致该区域叶绿素a浓度在El Nino年偏高,在La Nina年反而偏低。总体趋势上,叶绿素a浓度的变化主要与海表温度的变化有负相关的关系,而与海平面高度异常和海面风速关系不大。
(2)通过对浮游植物藻华发生时间的季节和年际变化分析,发现中高纬藻华爆发时间基本在3-5月份,即为春季藻华。而20°N～30°N之间的西北太平洋副热带环流海域和南海北部藻华爆发事件基本在11-12月份,即为冬季藻华。而越南和斯里兰卡附近上升流海域藻华爆发时间基本在5-6月份,即为夏季藻华。中高纬区域藻华持续时间较短,不超过50天,而较低纬区域藻华持续时间较长,基本在100天以上,副热带环流区以及南海北部甚至超过200天。从年际变化上看,孟加拉湾西南部上升流区、日本海以及鄂霍次克海藻华发生时间变化较大,吕宋冷涡区和西北太平洋副热带环流区变化较小。西南季风的爆发时间和持续时间影响了斯里兰卡东南部海域藻华的爆发时间和持续时间。同时,ENSO事件导致的海表温度变化也会影响该区域藻华的爆发时间。对于日本海海域,一般藻华在El Nino年爆发较早,持续时间较长；在La Nina年藻华爆发较晚,持续时间较短。ENSO事件对该海域冬季海表温度和风场的调制作用是重要原因,但是La Nina事件的作用不如El Nino事件。2005年尽管是El Nino年,但藻华爆发较晚,主要是所有年份中2005年冬季平均风速最大,导致混合层较深引起的。
(3)从季节内变化的角度研究了西北太平洋较低纬度海域近十年台风对初级生产力的贡献,,发现台风对南海(N4)初级生产力的贡献最大,平均每年的固碳量大约为0.56Mt,而对西北太平洋海洋沙漠区(W6)和东海陆架区(E2)初级生产力的贡献偏小,分别为0.26Mt和0.21Mt。另外,仅有西北太平洋海洋沙漠区台风的固碳量与短周期气候振荡有很好的对应关系,El Nino年台风的固碳量要相对较高,而La Nina年则偏低。
(4)通过孟加拉湾的极值藻华事件综合分析了多尺度强迫对浮游植物藻华的影响,进一步深入分析了不同尺度强迫(短时间尺度事件台风、涡旋等以及气候事件ENSO、IOD等)对浮游植物的影响机制,可以作为将来类似事例分析的基础。
The relationship between marine ecosystem and climate change has received rising attention. As the main producer of marine ecosystem, phytoplankton is particularly good indicator of climate change in the marine environment. The accumulation of remote sensing data provides a reliable data source for studying the marine multi-scale ecological responses to marine environment. In this thesis, we study the multi-scale variations of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration and timing of phytoplankton bloom in the Western North Pacific (WNP) and Eastern North Indian Ocean (ENIO)(10°S～60°N,75°E～160°E) and their relationship with multiple forcings by utilization of ocean color data, microwave data and in situ data. Specifically, the climatic forcing on the phytoplankton is the key issue that we are concerned about. The results let us futher understand the coupling effect between marine ecosystem and physical processes and provide evidence of how the global warming will change the marine ecosystem in the furture. The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) By analyzing the seasonal and interannual variability in Chl-a concentration, most regions of the ENIO and the WNP subtropical grye show a significant downward trend with the rate of less than1%/yr during September1997and December2011. All other regions show a significant upward trend. The annual rate is more than1%/yr in the Yellow Sea, the Bohai Sea and the Okhotsk Sea, even more than4%/yr in some regions. The regions with significant interannual variarion include the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), the South China Sea (SCS). Pacific Warm Pool (PWP) and the subtropical grye in the Western North Pacific (SG). Short-term climate variability is an important factor that regulating the interannual variation of Chl-a concentration. During the event of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or Indian Ocen Dipole (IOD), the abnormal zonal wind controls the interannual variation of Chl-a concentration in the TIO and PWP. For the SCS, increasing SST during El Nino years induces the decrease of Chl-a concentration while it seems that La Nina events have less impact on the SCS Chl-a concentration. Contrary to the other regions'response to ENSO, the Chl-a concentration is high during El Nino years while low during La Nina years in the SG region. The trend of Chl-a concentration is mainly negatively related to the change of sea surface temperature while has little relationship with sea surface height anomaly and wind speed.
(2) By analyzing the seasonal and interannual variability of the timing of phytoplankton bloom, the results show spring bloom starts during March to May and the duration is shorter than50d in the mid-high latitude.Winter bloom starts during Novermber to December and the duration is nearly200d in the subtropical grye in the WNP (20°N-30°N) and northern part of SCS. Summer bloom only occurs in the upwelling regions such as Vietnam and Sri Lanka and begins during May to June. The duration is more than100d. The interannual variability of the timing of phytoplankton bloom is significant in the regions of the Sri Lanka upwelling, the Japan Sea and the Okhotsk Sea but minor in the the subtropical grye in the WNP (20°N-30°N) and northern part of SCS. For the Sri Lanka upwelling region, the southwest monsoon is the main factor that influences the bloom timing and duration. At the same time, the bloom iniation time in this region is also impacted by SST. For the Japan Sea, the spring bloom starts earlier and lasts longer during El Nino years while the situation is contrary during La Nina years. The SST and wind speed modulated by ENSO envents are the driving forcings. However, the influence of La Nina events is weaker than that of El Nino events.The start time of phytoplankton in the El Nino year of2005is late due to the deep mixed layer depth induced by highest average wind speed of all years.
(3) The total annual primary production enhancements induced by typhoons during the recent ten years are evaluated. The estimated annual mean carbon fixation in the SCS is0.54Mt while only0.26Mt in the ocean desert of the Western North Pacific and0.21Mt in the continental shelf of the East China Sea. However, only typhoon-forced primary production enhancement in the ocean desert of the Western North Pacific corresponds with climate variability. The contribution tends to be higher during El Nino years while lower during La Nina years.
(4) We analyze the extreme phytoplankton blooms in the Bay of Bengal triggered by multiple forcings, which include short-term events such as typhoons and eddies as well as climatic events such as ENSO and IOD. The mechanisms between phytoplankton bloom and multiple forcings can be used as the basis of analysis of similar events in the future.
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