摘要
中国人口众多,水资源匮乏,时空分布不均,水资源污染十分严重。随着工业污水的持续防治,生活污水已经成为污染地表水与地下水的主要污染源。处理与利用结合型林地慢速渗滤处理,利用污水促进林木生长,减少了林地对水资源的消耗,用林木吸收污水中的氮、磷与盐等污染物,从而实现木材高产与污水处理的目标。在中国,尤其在那些没有条件建立污水处理厂或污水量达不到建立污水处理厂所需要污水量的小城镇,具有广阔的发展前景。
杨树是中北部地区的优质乡土树种,速生、丰产、根量大,常用于防护林与速生用材林。由于杨树生长快,能够吸收大量水分与污染物,比较适合于进行污水修复。在污水土地处理系统建立之前,首先要监测污水的成分,参照国家有关污水排放标准进行水质适宜性评价；调查土壤的理化性质,对场地适宜性进行评价。适宜性评价符合要求的水质与场地才能进行污水土地处理。水力负荷是污水土地处理的关键参数,慢渗处理系统的水力负荷通常可根据土壤渗透率、氮素限制、作物灌溉要求计算。但是由于各地的实际情况差别很大,多大水力负荷比较合适,需要经过试验才能确定。
在杨树林地慢渗生态处理系统中,林木-土壤系统可以净化污水,但是生活污水中氯化钠含量较高,污水林地处理可能影响林木生长、土壤性质、土壤微生物区系与土壤酶活性。2008—2009年在郑州市龙湖镇,选择了4个杨树无性系人工林,采用不同水力负荷(0、3、6、9、12、15cm·week-1),进行了生活污水杨树林地生态处理试验,以观测不同杨树无性系和土壤微生物对生活污水的修复作用,以及生活污水对林地土壤性质和地下水的影响,为生活污水杨树林地慢速生态处理系统的构建与持续运行提供科学依据。研究结果表明：杨树可以吸收净化生活污水,不同的无性系对污水的吸收净化能力不同,应选择适当的无性系作为污水处理系统的植物材料；杨树根量大,小于1mm的细根所占比例大,可以为土壤微生物提供很好的生长界面,促进土壤微生物的发育,土壤微生物对生活污水的净化作用随着水力负荷的增加而增加,达到一定水力负荷之后,又随着水力负荷的增加而降低；在水力负荷适当时,污水处理可以提高林木生长量和土壤质量,如果水力负荷过大,将抑制林木生长、降低土壤质量,土壤微生物数量减少,酶活性降低。主要结论如下：
1、不同杨树无性系对生活污水的反应差别很大,中林2001杨对生活污水胁迫的抗性最强,和其它无性系相比,其生长量最大,未出现严重的胁迫症状,对氮、磷与钠的吸收净化效果最好。生活污水林地处理也增加了欧美107杨与Ⅰ-72的生长量,这2个无性系对氮、磷污染物的吸收净化效果较好,但是对钠的吸收能力较差。中林46杨对生活污水中盐的反应敏感,较小的水力负荷就导致其生长量下降,该无性系不适合于进行生活污水修复。试验结果表明：对杨树生长比较适宜的水力负荷为3～9 cm·week-1,如果水力负荷再增加,将影响林木的健康状况,杨树对生活污水的吸收能力降低。
2、适量的生活污水处理使土壤各类微生物及多样性增加,生活污水林地处理有利于土壤微生物的发育,土壤微生物对生活污水中有机污染物具有较强的分解与净化能力；如果水力负荷过大,土壤微生物数量急剧下降。土壤主要酶含量变化规律与微生物数量的变化趋势相似。
土壤微生物数量、多样性及酶活性的变化情况表明,3～9cm·week-1水力负荷处理是比较适宜的。这个结果与各杨树无性系对污水的反应相似(中林46杨除外)适当的水力负荷输入了适量的土壤微生物能够分解与净化的污染物,在土壤微生物的作用下,养分被分解并有效化,可以提供林木生长所需要的养分,林木健康生长使其根系迅速发育,又为土壤微生物提供了更好的生存界面。水力负荷大于9cm·week-1,土壤中有害物质增加,土壤性质恶化,土壤微生物数量减少,酶活性下降。
3、土壤可以吸收净化生活污水中污染物,这种净化过程是在土壤生物参与下进行的,在净化生活污水的同时,土壤性质也发生了变化。土壤性质的变化包括2个截然不同的方面和过程：由于土壤养分含量的增加,土壤的肥力得到了提高,同时土壤中污染物,如钠离子含量增加,导致土壤理化性质的不良变化,会降低土壤肥力,导致土壤生产力下降。这种变化与污水水力负荷密切相关,适当的水力负荷总体上讲可以提高土壤肥力,随着水力负荷的增加,污染物含量不断增加,生活污水对土壤的不良影响在加剧,从生活污水对土壤肥力的影响来看,3～9 cm·week-1水力负荷对土壤肥力的提高是显著的,土壤物理性质得到改善,土壤的养分状况得到了提高,水力负荷>9 cm week-1,土壤肥力将急剧下降。
4、在水力负荷超过土壤-林木-微生物的净化能力之后,生活污水中的各种污染物,包括包括BOD5、COD、氨氮、氯化物、硝酸盐与硫酸盐等将导致地下水的严重污染,地下水的监测与评价是十分必要的。在生活污水处理水力负荷> 9 cm·week-1时,地下水的污染物含量随着水力负荷增加而急剧增加。
5、生活污水杨树林地慢速渗滤处理污染物去除率高,可以获得良好的污水处理效果。生活污水林地处理投资少,运营费用低,如果经营得当,可以获得污水处理与林木增产双重效益。生活污水林地处理使杨树人工林尽快郁闭,迅速生长,改善了当地的生态环境条件,强化了人工林的防护效益,生态效益非常明显。由于生活污水杨树林地处理拥有以上优势,在季节性干旱,尤其是春季干旱比较严重的中北部地区,可以广泛应用。
China is a country of large population, the problem of water scarcity, the uneven spatial and temporal water distribution and water pollution is very severe. With the continuous work on prevention and treatment for industrial wastewater, the domestic wastewater has become a major pollution source of surface water and groundwater. In slow rate land system, soil-vegetation-microbial system can not only purify the contaminations such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium chloride, but also increase poplar growth, so goal of both wastewater treatment and timber production can be achieved. Slow rate land treatment has broad development potential in area where sewage treatment plant cannot be built up for economic condition or no enough wastewater quantity.
Poplar is a high-quality native tree species in the north-central region. With the characteristics of fast growing, high yield, large root volume, the poplar is commonly used in the shelter-forest and the fast-growing plantation. As the poplar grows quickly, it can absorb large amounts of water and pollutants, so poplars are very suitable as vegetation for wastewater treatment. Before the establishment of land treatment system, the wastewater content should be monitored and suitability should be evaluated according to the relevant national wastewater discharge standard, the site applicability should be evaluated according to the investigation of soil properties. The wastewater treatment can only be carried out when the suitability assessment of the wastewater composition and site meets the requirements. Hydraulic loading, which is also one of the key parameters on wastewater treatment, can be calculated according to the relevant index of soil permeability, nitrogen uptake requirements and crop water requirement, to make some necessary preparations for the construction of the wastewater treatment system. But the actual conditions of different area are very big, wastewater treatment tests should be performed for designing suitable hydraulic loading.
In slow rate land system, vegetation-soil system can purify the wastewater. However, the content of sodium chloride in wastewater is comparatively high and wastewater treatment may affect the tree growth, soil properties, microbial flora and soil enzyme activities. From 2008 to 2009, an experiment of domestic wastewater eco-treatment with poplar plantation has be performed at Longhu Town of Zhengzhou city, four poplar clones were selected as for vegetations and different hydraulic loadings (0,3,6,9,12,15 cm week-1) were applied in order to observe the absorbility of different poplar clones and the purification ability of soil microbes for wastewater. The domestic wastewater's influence on soil properties and the quality of underground water were studied. The study provides a scientific basis for the construction and continuous operation of slow rate land treatment with poplar plantation. The results show that:poplar can take up and purify wastewater, different clones have different absorbility, and appropriate clones should be selected as vegetations for cleaning domestic wastewater. The poplar can increase the growth of the soil microbe by providing a good microbial growth interface. Soil microbe's wastewater purification ability increased with the increase of hydraulic loading, and decreased with the increase of hydraulic loading after it reaches a certain hydraulic loading (>9 cm week-1). The wastewater land treatment can increase tree growth and soil properties treated with suitable hydraulic loading, while tree growth and soil fertility would be reduced if the hydraulic loading is too large. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The tested poplar clones are widely planted in north-central area. The responses of different poplar clones to wastewater vary greatly. Compared with the other clones, the clone 2001 has highest stress tolerance for wastewater and shows no severe stress symptom. It also has good absorption and purification ability to nitrogen, phosphorus and sodium chloride. Slow rate land treatment also increased the growth of the clone 107 and I-72, the two clones have a better purification ability on nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants, but poor to sodium chloride. The clone 46 is sensitive to salt stress, smaller hydraulic loading caused the decline of its growth, so the clones are not suitable as vegetations for wastewater treatment. The results showed that the appropriate hydraulic loading is 3-9 cm week-1, if the hydraulic loading keeps going up, wastewater treatment will affect the health of trees, the reduction of wastewater treatment efficiency will result in pollution of soil and groundwater.
2. The proper amount of wastewater will diversify the microbes in the soil and promote the growth of microorganisms in the soil, the microorganisms in the soil have strong purification ability for organic pollutants, and there was similarity among the changes trend of enzyme content, quantity and diversity of microorganisms in the soil.
From changes of the microbial diversity and quantity and enzyme activity, a conclusion can be reached that wastewater treatment with 3-9 cm week-1 is more proper, which is similar to the reaction of the poplar clones except for the poplar 46. The results show that the pollutants can be broken down and turned into nutrients for the growth of the trees treatment with appropriate hydraulic loading and the roots of the well developed trees will provide better interface and available nutrients for the microbes. Once the hydraulic loading exceeds certain scope (>9 cm week-1), soil contaminations increase and soil fertility will reduced, so microbe number and diversity will reduced.
3. The soil can take up pollutants in the domestic wastewater with the help of microbes, the soil properties was also changed in the process. The Changes in soil properties result in two very different results:in one hand, with the increase the of the nutrient in the soil, the soil became more fertile; in other hand, as the increase of the pollutants such as the content of sodium ion, soil properties will deteriorate and the soil productivity will decrease. This change is closely related with the wastewater hydraulic loading, the appropriate hydraulic loadings can improve soil fertility, while the hydraulic loading keep going up and exceed a certain point, the pollutants in wastewater will deteriorate soil properties. From the influence of the domestic wastewater on soil,3-9 cm week-1 treatments will make significant improvement on the soil fertility. Once the hydraulic loading exceeds this scope, soil fertility will reduced.
4. When the hydraulic loading is beyond the purification capacity of the soil-vegetation-microorganism system various pollutants including BOD5, COD, ammonia nitrogen, chloride, nitrate and sulfate will lead to serious pollution of groundwater, so the monitoring and evaluation of groundwater is very necessary. When Hydraulic loadings in land treatment exceed 9 cm week-1, the groundwater will be contaminated for the increases of hydraulic loading.
5. Slow rate land treatment system has a high efficiency on the pollutant removal and can achieve good results for the wastewater treatment. There is low investment and low operation costs in the system, land treatment can get the benefits on the wastewater treatment combined with biomass production in the local region. Slow rate land treatment has high pollutant removal efficiency, access to good treatment results, less investment and lower operating costs. The benefits of wastewater treatment and increased biomass production will be achieved. Slow rate land treatment can speed up the growth of poplar plantation, improve local ecological environment and strengthen the protective effect of plantations, so ecological benefit is significant. As slow rate land treatment have the above advantages, it has a broad prospect in seasonal drought area, especially in the north-central region with the sever drought in spring.
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