摘要
随着电子商务、网络购物等新型服务业对快递服务需求的不断增加,快递在社会经济发展中服务民生和生产的基础性作用不断增强。提高我国快递企业竞争力,降低社会快递物流成本,一方面需提高快递企业的营运能力,特别是营运网络优化能力,另一方面提高整条快递供应链的能力。快递营运网络优化设计与竞争网络均衡研究就是对快递主干运输网络、取送网络进行优化,并探究由运输企业、快递企业、消费市场构成的快递供应链竞争网络均衡问题。通过研究,将有助于降低快递企业的成本并优化快递供应链,促进整个行业运营成本的降低和竞争力的提升,进一步丰富和完善快递运营网络优化及供应链竞争网络理论与方法。
论文首先研究了快递整体运作流程,通过全连通快递网络与轴辐式快递网络的成本、服务效率的比较和快递企业网点布局的实证,以多分配轴辐式网络结构为基础,对快递主干网络的实体网络、组织网络和路径网络进行优化。然后,以客户满意为出发点,研究了不同取送模式的适用范围、取送区域范围及基于客户特征研究的优化策略。最后,研究了基于快递运输组织方案的快递市场竞争网络均衡问题,建立了快递市场竞争网络均衡变分不等式模型。具体研究内容与创新工作如下：
(1)研究了快递营运网络的特点和优化目标。通过界定快递的定义及其特征,分析了快递市场的竞争态势与发展趋势,结合不同所有制快递企业情况,研究了快递企业整体运作流程,详细分析了由主干网络、配送网络、取送网络构成的快递企业营运网络的特点和优化目标。
(2)研究了快递主干网络的结构选择问题。比较分析了全连通快递网络与轴辐式快递网络的各环节的成本、效率、网络总成本和网络服务效率,分析了各种参数变化对快递服务成本和效率的影响,确定影响快递网络结构选择的决定性因素。然后,以某快递企业为实证,分析其网点布局的影响因素及其网络结构变化的影响因素,确定快递主干网络优化的结构。
(3)通过分析快递运送路径的合并式特征,以多分配轴辐式网络结构为基础,以快递运送过程中的分拣费用、运输费用、中转费用之和最小为目标函数,建立了考虑快递运输时间预算约束的快递主干网络的枢纽选址与分配优化模型,并设计了基于条件最短路的模拟退火算法。
(4)通过分析现有三种取送模式的客户成本和快递企业成本构成,及其影响因素,研究了不同取送模式的适用范围,并以门到门取送模式为例,建立了满足客户容忍时限约束的快递取送区域范围的确定模型。同时,分析了消费者对快递产品的购买决策特征,并以总线模块化为基础,结合可选择模块化设计方法对快递服务进行模块化设计。
(5)在详细分析基于合并式快递运输组织方案的快递作业流程的基础上,研究了快递竞争市场中快递企业行为、消费者行为、运输企业行为及其均衡条件,应用变分不等式方法,建立了快递市场竞争网络均衡模型,并采用修正投影算法对算例进行求解分析,对多个参数进行分析,得出影响快递价格的因素,提出降低快递价格的途径以及快递企业提升市场竞争力的策略。
With the continuously increasing express services demand of the new type of service industries such as e-commerce and online shopping, express as the fundamental role to service livelihood and production in the social economic development strengthens continuously. Improving express enterprises competitiveness and decreasing social express logistics cost need to improve operation capability of express enterprises, especially optimizing the capability of operation network, and improve the capability of express supply chain. Express operation network optimization design and competitive network equilibrium research is to optimize the backbone transportation network and the fetching and dispatching network, to explore competitive network equilibrium problem of express supply chain composed of transportation enterprises and express enterprises and cosumerconsumer market. The research can be helpful to decrease the cost of express enterprises and optimize express supply chain, and be beneficial to the reduction of operation cost as well as the improvement of competitiveness of the whole industry, and furthermore, enrich and perfect the theories and methods of express operation network optimization and supply chain competitive network equilibrium.
Firstly, the article studied express's whole operation process, by comparison of cost and efficiency of fully-connected express network and hub-and-spoke express network and empirical study on express enterprise, based on multiple allocation hub-and-spoke express network structure, the physical network, organization network and path network of express backbone network were optimized. Secondly, on the basic of customer satisfaction, the scope of application of the different fetching and dispatching modes and the model of determining the adaptation scopes of fetching and dispatching region and the optimization strategies based on the research of customer characteristics were studied. Lastly, through studying on competitive network equilibrium problem of express market, express market competitive network variational inequality model was built. The main content and innovation work are following:
(1) The features and optimization objective of operation networks of express enterprises were studied. Through defining the express and describing its characteristics, competition situation and development trend of express market were analyzed. Combined with express enterprises of different ownership, the whole operation process of express enterprises was studied, and the features and optimization objective of operation networks of express enterprises made up of backbone network,distribution network and fetching and dispatching network were analyzed.
(2) The selection of express backbone network structure was studied. Cost and efficiency of each link and the whole network of fully-connected express network and hub-and-spoke express network were analyzed. By comparison the influence of parameter variations to cost and efficiency of express service were analyzed, so decisive factor of the selection of express network structure was determined. Then taking an empirical study of an express enterprise, influencing factors of nodes layout and network structure changes were studied and the structure of express backbone network optimization was determined.
(3) Through analyzing the union character of express delivering path and based on the network structure of multiple allocation hub-and-spoke network, hub location selection and allocation optimization model of multiple allocation hub-and-spoke express networks was built with the objective function of minimizing the total costs that included sorting costs and transportation costs and transfer costs, with transport time budget constraint. The simulated annealing algorithm based on the conditional shortest path was developed to solve the problem.
(4) Through analyzing cost structure of customer cost and express enterprise cost of three fetching and dispatching modes and theirs influence factors, the adaptation scopes of different fetching and dispatching modes were studied, and the model to determine the adaptation scopes of fetching and dispatching region was built with door-to-door fetching and dispatching mode as an example. Meanwhile, decision-making characteristics of consumer to purchase the product of express were analyzed, and express service was designed on the basic of bus modularity combined with sectional modularity.
(5) After analysis on express operation procedures based on the union express transportation organization plan, express enterprises behavior and consumer behavior and transport enterprises behavior as well as the equilibrium condition in express competitive market, express market competitive network equilibrium model was built by variational inequality method. A modified projection algorithm was designed to solve this model, and by analyzing the multiple parameters, influencing factors of express price were concluded and ways to lower express price and to improve the market competitiveness of express enterprise were proposed.
引文
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