摘要
富氧燃烧烟气中CO2的浓度可达90%以上,无需进行分离就可直接液化回收,避免了复杂的分离工艺过程,在火力发电C02捕集领域具有明显的优势,但是常压富氧燃烧方式下的空气分离制氧、CO2净化压缩过程的电耗很大,为了克服常压富氧燃烧发电系统厂用电大幅度增加的缺点,本文对6-8MPa下增压富氧燃烧与CO2捕集整体化发电系统进行集成优化研究。
在富氧燃烧和流化床锅炉燃烧技术的基础上,构建了增压富氧流化床燃煤发电与C02捕集整体化发电系统。从空气分离制氧、燃烧与换热,直至烟气压缩捕集C02的全过程均在6～8MPa下完成,利用高压烟气冷凝器回收锅炉排烟烟气中水蒸汽的汽化潜热,加热锅炉给水,部分替代汽轮机抽汽,增加汽轮机的输出电功率,同时可在常温下液化回收CO2,简化了CO2的液化工艺,大幅度降低了C02压缩过程的电耗。
传统的基于理想气体假设的烟气热焓的计算方法不再适用于增压富氧燃烧烟气热焓的计算,本文基于实际气体维里状态方程推导了高温高压三原子混合气体的余焓方程,对增压富氧燃煤烟气的热焓值进行了编程计算,并与商业软件的模拟结果进行了比较,表明基于维里方程的余函数法计算增压富氧燃煤烟气的热焓是准确可靠的。
由于烟气的再循环,锅炉流通烟气中水蒸汽的含量大大提高,基于Nusselt凝结理论,建立了高压下含非凝气体的混合气体凝结换热的修正膜模型,计算并分析了冷却壁面的温度、混合气体的流速、水蒸汽的含量以及混合气体的压力对凝结换热的影响；对不同再循环方式下烟气中水蒸汽的平衡进行了计算比较,论证分析了不同烟气再循环方式的利弊和经济性。
以300MW燃煤发电机组为例,与常压富氧燃烧相比,系统压力提高到6-8MPa后,增压富氧燃煤烟气中水蒸汽的饱和温度上升到167～188℃,由于烟气中水蒸汽的汽化潜热得以回收利用,汽轮机的毛输出功率增加6.3%左右；同时利用电厂常温循环冷却水将CO2烟气液化后再压缩,C02烟气压缩电耗下降两个数量级；但是,由于供氧压力的提高,空分制氧装置的电耗增加。当供氧纯度为100%时,6-8MPa富氧燃烧与CO2捕集整体化发电系统的整体净效率达到30.1%-30.7%,比常压富氧燃烧发电系统提高了4.2-4.8个百分点。
增压富氧燃烧系统各辅机设备的电耗中,空分制氧装置的电耗最大,其制氧电耗与制氧纯度密切相关,对6MPa不同氧气纯度下增压富氧燃烧整体系统的经济性优化结果表明,当供氧纯度为95%时,空分装置的电耗相对较低,系统整体净效率可达30.8%。
The CO2concentration of the flue gas in the oxy-fuel combustion may reach up to more than90%and CO2can be liquefied and recycled directly without separation, avoiding the complicated separation process, so the oxy-fuel combustion is a promising new technology for CO2capture in power generation system. However, conventional atmospheric oxy-fuel combustion systems require substantial parasitic energy within the air separation and carbon dioxide purification and compression units. In order to overcome the significant improvement of electric consumption in the atmospheric oxy-fuel power plant, the integration and optimization of the pressurized oxy-coal combustion power generation integrated with CO2capture system were studied under the pressure of6-8MPa in this thesis.
On the basis of oxy-fuel combustion and the fluidized bed combustion, the overall power generation of the pressurized oxy-fuel combustion integrated with CO2capture system was conducted. From the air separation, combustion, heat transfer to the CO2capture and sequestration, the whole process was completed under the pressure of6-8MPa. The vapor latent heat of the flue gas recovered by the high pressure flue gas condenser was used for heating feed water, decreasing the extracted steam and the output power of the steam turbine increased. Simultaneously, CO2can be liquefied and recycled at the normal temperature, then CO2liquefied process was simplified and the compression power consumption greatly reduced.
The conventional enthalpy calculation method at the air combustion style based on the ideal gases is not applicable to the pressurized oxy-fuel combustion. In this thesis, the residual enthalpy equation of tri-atomic mixture gas at high temperatures and high pressures has been deduced based on the real gas virial equation. The enthalpy of flue gas was calculated by programming and compared with the results simulated by the business process simulation software, so the accuracy of the results was verified.
Due to the flue gas recirculation, the water vapor content in the flue gas improved greatly. The condensation heat transfer film model of the mixture containing plenty of non-condensable gases under high pressure was established and modified based on the Nusselt condensation theory. The influence of the wall temperature, the mixture velocity, the water vapor fraction and the mixture pressure on the condensation heat transfer was calculated and analyzed. The vapor content balance in the flue gas was calculated and analyzed under different flue gas dehumidification and recirculation modes. The pros, cons and the economy of different flue gas recirculation modes were demonstrated and anlysed in detail.
Taking a300MW coal-fired generating unit as the research object, comparing with the atmospheric oxy-fuel combustion, the saturation temperature of the water vapor increased to167～188℃with the pressure raised to6-8MPa. Due to the recirculation of the vapor latent heat, the extracted steam reduced and the turbine power generation output improved about6.3%. At the same time, CO2is cooled to liquid state by the normal temperature cooling water, then the compression power consumption decreased by two orders of magnitude. However, the power consumption of the air separation unit increased as the system pressure was raised. When the oxygen purity was100%, the net efficiency of the pressurized oxy-coal power integrated with CO2capture system achieved to30.1%-30.7%, increased by4.2-4.8percent than the atmospheric oxy-fuel combustion power generation.
The largest power consumer within the pressurized oxy-fuel system is the air separation unit and the power requirement strongly depends upon the oxygen purity. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis has been done to study the impact of the oxygen purity on the thermodynamic performance of the system. The results showed that:the relatively air separation unit power requirement occurred at95%oxygen purity and the overall net efficiency achieved to30.8%in this case.
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