摘要
为了全面了解各绿化树种的生理生态特性,增加干旱区的园林绿化树种与其生态功能的多样性,更好的为园林绿化树种的选择提供理论依据。本研究采用LI-6400便携式光合作用系统对梓树、紫丁香、紫叶桃、紫叶李、火炬树、紫叶矮樱与香花槐的光合生理、生态特性进行了研究,通过对七个树种的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度、光饱和点等生理指标在种间和月份间的差异进行比较,结果表明：
在四个不同月份中,地温与地表湿度日变化表明,5月与6月的变化趋势较为一致,7月与8月的变化趋势较为一致,地表湿度变化表现为早晨与傍晚较高,中午较低。紫叶桃、香花槐、紫丁香光合速率日变化类型基本为双峰型；梓树、紫叶矮樱、火炬树、紫叶李光合速率日变化类型基本为单峰型。从光合速率的日变化来看,七种绿化树种的光合速率均是第一峰值>第二峰值,并且第一峰值及其谷值随不同月份变化而变化。5月的第一峰值比6月、7月、8月明显提前,而且低谷持续时间较长。第一峰值与最高峰值多部分出现在10：00,少部分出现在12：00与14：00。蒸腾速率的日变化基本与光合速率日变化同步,七种园林树木的蒸腾速率峰值多数在12：00-16：00出现,蒸腾速率高的树种应注意水分管理。5月,除了紫叶李的净光合速率与气孔导度的变化呈相反的趋势,其余6个树种净光合速率与气孔导度的变化一致。6月、7月和8月,七种树木的净光合速率与气孔导度的变化趋势一致；结合胞间CO2浓度的变化,表明光合速率降低不是气孔导度降低引起,而是由非气孔因子限制的。6月,除紫叶李外,其余树种光合速率是由非气孔因子限制的;7月,引起紫丁香与香花槐的光合速率下降的重要原因是中午气孔关闭;紫叶矮樱、紫叶桃、紫叶李、火炬树、梓树光合速率是由非气孔因子限制的。8月,引起火炬树、香花槐、紫叶李光合速率下降的重要原因是中午气孔关闭;而紫叶桃、紫叶矮樱、紫丁香、香花槐是由非气孔因子限制的。
在不同月份(5月、6月、7月、8月),紫叶桃、香花槐、紫丁香光合作用有明显的“午休”现象,其余树种不是特别明显。
7月,紫叶矮樱、紫丁香的光饱和点较高,光补偿点较低,对光环境的适应性较强,香花槐属于较为喜阳的植物,梓树对光的适应性较弱,紫叶桃有较低的光饱和点与较高的光补偿点,紫叶李能充分地利用弱光进行光合作用；8月,紫叶桃、紫丁香对光环境的适应性较强,梓树与火炬树属于较为喜阳植物,紫叶矮樱属于耐阴植物,紫叶李的光饱和点较低,光补偿点较高,说明紫叶李对光的适应性较弱。可见,在相同月份,不同绿化树种光饱和点与光补偿点不同；同一绿化树种在不同月份表现也不同。
七种树木在不同月份大碳释氧量存在差异,固碳释氧效应较好的园林树种有火炬树、香花槐、梓树,而固碳释氧量最低的为紫叶李。
七种树木在不同月份的降温增湿效应有差异,紫叶李、紫丁香、紫叶桃的降温增湿能力较差;紫叶矮樱、火炬树与香花槐的降温增湿能力较强。乔木树种的降温增湿效应较强,生长优势较为明显。
七种园林树木的叶绿素含量存在差异,结果表明,七种园林树木叶绿素含量与光合速率不成正比。无论是灌木还是乔木,个体之间滞尘能力存在较大的差异。在本实验中,火炬树、紫叶桃、紫叶李的滞尘能力较强。因此在灰尘污染比较严重的地区可以选择滞尘能力较强的以上树种。其中,火炬树的滞尘能力较强。
In order to understand on some eco-physiological indexes of seven greening tree species and increase the greening tree species diversity and ecological functions diversity,provide the theory basis of the selection of greening tree species.The research adopted Li-6400 portable photosynthesis and studied photosynthetic characteristics of Pn,Gs,Ci,light response characteristics of Catalpa ovata G.Don,Syringa oblata Lindl.,Prunus persica cv.atropurpurea,Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.atropurpurea Jacq,Rhus typhina L.,Prunus×cistena Pissardii and Robinia pseudoacacia cv.Idaho,analyzing the difference and relation among the greening tree species in different months.The results showed as follows:
During four months,variation trends of geothermal gradient and surface moisture were similar in May and June,similar in July and August.The changes of surface moisture were fairly higher in the morning and in the late afternoon and relatively lower at noon.the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) existed in Prunus persica cv.atropurpurea,Robinia pseudoacacia cv.Idaho and Syringa oblata Lindl.took on the two-peaked curve,while Catalpa ovata G.Don、Prunus×cistena'Pissardii、Rhus typhina L.、Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.atropurpurea Jacq took on single-peaked curve.In terms of daily changes of photosynthetic rate in all greening tree species were the first peak force> the second peak force.first peak force and the lowest value variation with changes of different months,first peak force in May occurred earlier than in June,July and August and lasted for longer time.First peak force and daily peak of most greening tree species appear at 10:00,some appear at 12:00 and 14:00.Transpiration rate grew basically in step with photosynthesis rate,the transpiration rate of most greening tree species appeared at 12:00～16:00.We should pay attention to the higher transpiration rate on water management.
Except for Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.alropurpurea Jacq,the net photosynthetic rate was not in accordance with stomatal conductance.In June,July and August,the net photosynthetic rate of seven greening tree species was in accordance with stomatal conductance,integrating with the changes of intercellular CO2 intensity,the result showed that the lowering net photosynthetic rate was not restricted by the lowering stomatal conductivity,but by non-stomatal parameter of restrictions.In June,except for Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.atropurpurea Jacq,the net photosynthetic rate of other greening tree species were restricted by non-stomatal parameter. In July,the result showed that stomatal closure is one of the important factors leading up to the lowering net photosynthetic rate of Syringa oblata Lindl.,Robinia pseudoacacia cv. Idaho and.Prunus×cistena'Pissardii.The net photosynthetic rate of Prunus persica cv.atropurpurea,Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.atropurpurea Jacq,Rhus typhina L. and Catalpa ovata G.Don were restricted by non-stomatal parameter.ln August,the result showed that the stomatal closure of Rhus typhina L.,Robinia pseudoacacia cv.Idaho and Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.atropurpurea Jacq was one of the important factors leading up to the lowering net photosynthetic rate.The lowering net photosynthetic rate of Prunus persica cv.atropurpurea,Prunus×cistena'Pissardii,Syringa oblata Lindl. and Robinia pseudoacacia cv.Idaho we re restricted by non-stomatal parameter.
In different months (in May,June,July,August),the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of Prunus persica cv.atropurpurea,Robinia pseudoacacia cv.Idaho and Syringa oblata Lindl. took on the midday-depression.The rest trees were not remarkable.
In July,the light compensation point (LCP) of Prunus×costema'Pissardii and Syringa oblata Lindl. were higher,while the light saturation point (LSP) were lower,which adapted very well in lighting environment.Robinia pseudoacacia cv.Idaho was a kind of photophilous plants.The Catalpa ovata G.Don was not adapted verry well in lighting environment.The light saturation point (LSP) of Prunus persica cv.atropurpurea was lower,while light saturation point (LSP) was higher.Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.atropurpurea Jacq could make full use of weak light to photosynthesize.In August,Syringa oblata Lindl. was adapted very well in lighting environment,Catalpa ovata G.Don and Rhus typhina L. were both the kind of photophilous plantsPrunus×cistena'Pissardii was a kind of shade-tolerant plants.The light compensation point (LCP) of Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.atropurpurea Jacq was higher,while the light saturation point (LSP) was lower,the results showed that it's adaptive responses was weak.it could be seen that different greening tree species took on different light compensation point (LCP) and light saturation point (LSP) in same months,the same greening tree species would be presented differently because of different months.
The months of oxygen releaseing and carbon fixing of seven greening tree species had differences,through measuring the capacity of carbon fixing and oxygen releasing,it could be seen that Rhus typhina L.,Robinia pseudoacacia cv.Idaho and Catalpa ovata G.Don had higher carbon fixing and oxygen releasing.The Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.atropurpurea Jacq had lowest carbon fixing and oxygen releasing.
The temperature decreasing and humidity increasing of seven different greening tree species had differences,the temperature decreasing and humidity increasing capacity of Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.atropurpurea Jacq,Syringa oblata Lindl. and Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.atropurpurea Jacq had lowest capacity,while the temperature decreasing and humidity increasing capacity of Prunus×cistena'Pissardii,Rhus typhina L. and Robinia pseudoacacia cv.Idaho were higher than other greening tree species.Therefore,the function of temperature decreasing and humidity increasing ability in arbor trees is the strongest and growth dominance were obvious.
The content of chlorophyll of different greening tree species had differences,The result showed that the content of chlorophyll was out of step with the net photosynthesis rate.No matter arbor trees or shrub,the different greening tree species had different capability of detaining dust. We should choose the tree species that had strong capacity of detaining dust in seriously polluted area,such as Rhus typhina L. and Prunus persica cv.atropurpurea and Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f.atropurpurea Jacq.The capability of detaining dust of Rhus typhina L. was the strongest.
引文
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