摘要
本研究针对温室蔬菜生产中由过量施用氮肥以及不合理的灌水措施导致的氮肥利用率低、氮素损失(NO_3~--N、N_2O气体排放和NH_3挥发)严重的资源浪费和环境负效应问题,重点研究硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)在温室蔬菜生产条件下的硝化抑制效果及其影响机制,筛选出适用于温室番茄生产的水氮管理和DCD优化用量方案,明晰温室芹菜生产DCD配施的优化肥料类型,为我国温室菜田施氮损失的生化调控提供了科学的理论依据和技术支持。主要研究结果与结论如下:
1. DCD随温度的升高其在土壤中存留时间缩短,DCD的硝化抑制效应随用量的增加而增强。当温度升高可通过适当增加DCD用量来提高硝化抑制效果。在温室蔬菜生产条件下,使用DCD的适宜温度为20℃~30℃,硝化抑制作用可持续29天,适宜用量为施纯氮量的10%。
2.在优化水氮处理条件下,配施DCD能显著抑制土壤NH_4~+-N含量的降低,提高氮素利用率;同时,降低土壤硝态氮含量,从而减少氮淋失。与传统水氮处理相比,优化水氮配施DCD可使温室番茄施用氮素的利用率由13.84%提高到22.45%;可使表层(0~10 cm)土壤的NO_3~--N淋失量降低49.34%~55.54%,0~30cm土层NO_3~--N含量降低35.21%~64.88%;平均减少30~120 cm土层NO_3~--N淋失量为61.08%~72.00%。
3.在不同水氮处理条件下,土壤N_2O排放和NH_3挥发的高峰期,分别出现在追肥灌水后的第3天和第3~5天;与传统水氮处理相比,土壤N_2O排放量降低84.07%~96.19%,NH_3挥发量降低20.61%~41.51%。
4.优化水氮管理配施DCD的调控措施能够显著降低番茄体内硝酸盐含量,改善番茄果实品质。可使番茄果实硝酸盐含量降低51.94%~62.82%。同时,显著提高番茄果实Vc、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质的含量,但对游离氨基酸和有机酸的影响则不显著。
5.不同肥料(尿素、腐熟牛粪和1:1尿素与腐熟牛粪混合)分别与DCD配施后均显著影响土壤氮素转化,不同程度上促进芹菜氮素吸收及营养品质的改善。与单施肥料相比,肥料与DCD配施后使土壤中NH_4~+-N含量增加17.70%~92.97%,NO_3~--N含量降低12.28%~81.90%;可使芹菜茎、叶吸氮量分别增加29.24%~80.20%、30.89%~66.33%,硝酸盐含量分别降低17.18%~37.05%、7.63%~25.21%,同时显著提高芹菜中可溶性糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸和Vc含量。
6.适用于温室番茄生产的水氮管理和DCD用量方案为,在优化水氮管理条件下,168 kg/hm~2的氮素追施量配施氮素用量10%的DCD,可显著提高氮素利用率并降低氮损失;适用于温室芹菜生产与DCD配施的优化肥料为尿素。
Aiming at the serious waste of resources and environmental negative effect problems of low utilization efficiency of nitrogen and nitrogen losses via NO_3~--N leaching, N_2O emission and NH_3 volatilation in the greenhouse vegetable production systems, resulting from the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers and unreasonable irrigation, the objectives of this study were to explore the inhibition efficiency of DCD and its affected mechanism in a greenhouse vegetable soil, and then select the optimum and effective nitrogen and irrigation management method and application rate of DCD for the greenhouse tomato production, and fertilizer type for greenhouse celery production, which would provided theoretic basis and technical instructions for the DCD regulation of fertilizer nitrogen losses in greenhouse vegetable production systems. Main results of this study were summarized as follows:
1. The remaining time of DCD in the soil decreased with the increasing temperature and its inhibition effect was strongly enhanced with increasing application rate of DCD. Thus the effective inhibition effects could also be achieved by increasing the application rate of DCD under high temperature. Therefore, under the greenhouse vegetable production systems, DCD applied at 10% of the fertilizer nitrogen rate under 20℃~30℃, would remain effective in the soil for 29 days, and would thus be effective in inhibiting nitrification.
2. The combination of recommended nitrogen and irrigation with the addition of DCD can significantly inhibit the decrease of the NH_4~+-N contents in the soil, and reduce nitrogen loss as NO_3~--N. Comparing with the traditional management of nitrogen and irrigation, the combination of recommended nitrogen and irrigation with the addition of DCD can improve the utilization efficiency of nitrogen from 13.84% to 22.45%. In addition, the average NO_3~--N contents in the top soil depth (0~10 cm) were decreased by 49.34%~55.54%, the NO_3~--N contents in the 0~30 cm and 30~120 cm soil profiles were also reduced by 35.21%~64.88% and 61.08%~72.00%, respectively.
3. Under different management of nitrogen and irrigation, the flux peak of N_2O emission and NH_3 volatilization generally appeared 3 days and 3~5 days after the application of nitrogen and irrigation, respectively. Comparing with the traditional management of nitrogen and irrigation, the combination of recommended nitrogen and irrigation with the addition of DCD can reduce N_2O emission factors by 84.07%~96.19%, and decrease the total NH_3 volatilization by 20.61%~41.51%.
4. The combination of recommended nitrogen and irrigation with the addition of DCD can significantly decrease the NO_3~--N contents in tomato fruit, and improve the quality of tomato fruit. The NO_3~--N contents in tomato fruit were decreased by 51.94%~62.82%, and the Vc, soluble sugar and soluble protein contents were also improved, but the free amino acid and organic acid contents of tomato were not significantly affected by the combination of recommended nitrogen and irrigation with the addition of DCD.
5. The three different types of fertilizers (Urea, Dung, and 1:1Urea + Dung) coupled with DCD can significantly affect the conversion of nitrogen, and consequently increase the nitrogen uptakes of celery and improve the celery quality. Comparing with the fertilizers applied alone, three different fertilizers coupled with DCD increased the NH_4~+-N contents in the soil by 17.70%~92.97%, decreased the NO_3~--N contents in the soil by 12.28%~81.90%. The nitrogen uptakes of the shoot and leaf of celery were increased by 29.24%~80.20% and 30.89%~66.33%, respectively. The NO_3~--N contents in the shoot and leaf of celery were decreased by 17.18%~37.05% and 7.63%~25.21%, respectively. In addition, the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, free amino acid and Vc were also improved by the addition of DCD.
6. The combination of the nitrogen rate of 168 kg/hm~2 and optimum management irrigation with DCD applied at 10% of nitrogen rate offers the optimum combination of reduced nitrogen losses and increased utilization efficiency of nitrogen for the greenhouse tomato production. Urea coupled with DCD was the optimum combination in reducing N losses for the greenhouse celery production.
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