摘要
薛伯寿教授师从国医泰斗名医蒲辅周先生深造13年之久,为蒲老得意的徒弟,尽得其传,继承了蒲老的许多宝贵经验,又勤求古训,博采众长,从医近50年,勤于实践,积累了丰富的学术经验,善于总结经验,上升为理论。他医术高明,往往能治他人所不能治之症。擅长诊治内科、妇科、儿科等各种疑难杂症,尤其外感热性病经验独到、启人心智、匠心独运。我有幸作为薛老学术继承人,对薛老学术思想尤其重视升降思想和升降散的应用做一总结。
本论文主要包括薛老学术思想和临床经验的整理、升降散的历史渊源及薛老的传承推广作用、升降散的现代临床应用、薛老应用升降散的临床研究、应用薛老重升降学术思想和升降散治疗慢性肾脏病3-5期的临床研究五个方面进行总结。
1.薛老学术思想和临床经验的整理方面,从薛老谈治疗外感热病、治疗妇儿、内伤疑难杂症、薛老选方用药经验三个方面进行总结。其中总结薛老治疗外感热病的经验可以概括为：尊经典、知时节、融寒温、明标本、护胃气、察体质、重宣透、分阶段,其中融寒温、先宣透后清里,宣透达邪是其核心,治疗内伤杂病妇科强调调气血、重升降、倡和合,治疗儿科强调护阳气、重兼症、调肠胃,老年病强调调脾胃、重食补、怡情志,薛老强调食补不如精补。薛老选方用药经验可以概括为用药轻灵、疗效显著,倡用经方,不拘一格使用时方,喜用和法、药联药对,善用麻黄、桂枝、柴胡剂、黄芪赤风汤、当归芍药散、温经汤等方,临床重视应用姜枣葱等辅佐之品。
2.升降散的历史渊源及薛老的传承推广作用主要从论述升降散的历史渊源、薛伯寿教授对传承推广升降散的作用、升降散的功用主治组方分析三部分总结。从1587年的《万病回春》“内府仙方”到1613年的《东医宝鉴》“僵黄丸”再到1623年的《伤暑全书》“升降散”终至清代的《二分晰义》赔赈散及《伤寒瘟疫条辨》升降散,可见这一古方升降散以不同方名存在及在主治,制剂、用量、服法等方面的发展的时空历程,溯源无疑对更好理解古方升降散一方有着积极的意义。由于蒲老对《伤寒温疫条辨》及升降散推崇备至,和薛师的推崇并在中医界首先发表介绍蒲老应用升降散的经验并大力实践,才使升降散得到广泛的应用,本方得以重放光辉,并使杨栗山的《伤寒温疫条辨》得到大家的广泛认可和应用,可谓开创了治疗温病和外感热病一条新的思路。薛老对传承推广蒲老学术思想和升降散做出杰出贡献。
升降散的组方、功用主治分析：该方原为散剂,由僵蚕、蝉蜕、姜黄、大黄、米酒、蜂蜜共6味组成,后世以酒性辛烈,易动火生风,而蜂蜜味甘,易致痞满,不利湿热分散,故临床应用时,多数去此二味,以其余4味入药煎汤。《伤寒温疫条辨》载本方为白僵蚕(酒炒)二钱、全蝉蜕(去土)一钱、广姜黄(去皮)三分、川大黄(生)四钱,方中姜黄、蝉蜕、僵蚕、大黄的分量比为1：3：6：12。而在《万病回春》中则为：姜黄、蝉蜕各二钱半,僵蚕二两,大黄四两。古方升降散,在不同的历史阶段,有酒引蜜导、炼蜜姜汁等的制服法不同,但自《万病回春》至《伤寒瘟疫条辨》,其以僵蚕为君,蝉蜕为臣,姜黄为佐,大黄为使的制方却都一致。因大黄量大后世很多人认为应该以大黄为君。四药合用,升降并用,升一降之中寒温兼行,气分血分药物同施,能调畅气血,通利三焦,既升清阳也降浊邪,既宣肺气也散郁火,去邪热通腑气,解邪毒活血络。因此,古方升降散集宣、清、下、和于一方,升清降浊,功大效宏。升降散主治“表里三焦大热,其证治不可名状”的温病,盖60余种症状,所谓“三焦大热”,是指上焦：“头面碎肿、咽喉肿痛、痰涎壅盛”证。中焦：“上吐下泻、呕如血汁、丹毒发斑、雷鸣腹痛”证。下焦：“舌卷囊缩、腰痛如折、大便火泻、小便淋涩”证。总的证候,则有“憎寒壮热、头痛、骨节酸痛”的表证：有“口渴饮水无度、口气如火、烦躁不宁”的里热证。以上各证,后人总括为：憎寒壮热,或头痛如破,或烦渴引饮,或咽喉肿痛,或身面红肿,或斑疹杂出,或胸隔胀闷,或上吐下泻,或吐衄便血,或神昏澹语,或舌卷囊缩。
3.升降散现代临床应用综述方面,从升降散的现代临床应用、应用机制探讨、升降散的现代应用总结三个方面进行论述。升降散是温病名方,杨栗山在《伤寒温疫条辨》书中尊之为“温病郁热内伏”15方之总方,用治“表里三焦大热”,即温热弥漫内外之证。古方升降散在现代临床中的运用相当普遍,多见用于“表里三焦大热”的温热火郁证,以三焦火郁、气机失畅为病机特点众多病证均可以古方升降散为基础而经辩证施治得效,内、外、儿、皮肤、五官等临床各科使用该方辨证加减而获效.升降散具有抗炎、抗病毒、抗过敏、解痉,利胆,抗惊厥,调节免疫、抑制变态反应、解热、镇静、镇痛、抑菌等作用,提高机体非特异性免疫力,抗惊厥,催眠,提高机体耐受不良损害的能力,治疗肾脏病等作用。另外尚具有升压、降压、止泻、通便等双向调节作用。现代药理的认识,有助于从另一个角度去理解古方升降散。
4.薛伯寿教授应用升降散的临床研究,从应用数据挖掘技术对薛老应用升降散经验进行整理、薛伯寿教授应用升降散经验访谈二个方面进行。
数据挖掘技术显示薛师运用升降散治疗频次较高的中医疾病为发热、咳嗽、感冒、颤证、口疮、皮痒症、鼻鼽、痹证、粉刺、喉蛾、耳鸣、眩晕、便秘等,可见薛师运用升降散主治发热为主,但亦用于内、妇、儿及皮肤、五官科等多种疾病,故证实薛师运用升降散治疗疾病广泛,不仅用于治疗外感热病,亦推广应用治疗内伤杂病,运用升降散治疗频次较高的西医疾病为：上呼吸道感染、发热原因待查、支气管炎、湿疹病、复发性口腔溃疡、急性扁桃体炎、唇周炎、多动秽语综合征、毛囊炎、肺炎、过敏性鼻炎、急性淋巴结炎、结节性红斑等。薛师运用升降散时所抓主要症状为：发热、咽痛、大便干燥、咳嗽、头痛、口苦、咽干、心烦、出汗、小便黄等。薛师运用升降散治疗的常见中医证候为气血不调、三焦不利、风邪犯肺、外感风热、肝胆湿热、肝胃不和、肝脾不和、气机不调、外寒内热、肝经风热等。应用升降散对应的常用治法为清热、疏肝、升清、降浊、疏风、化痰、调和气血、化湿、清里等。
薛老运用升降散及加减用药剂量：蝉蜕3.0—4.08g,平均剂量4.08g；大黄5.0—5.26g,平均剂量5.26g；僵蚕6.0—7.94g,平均剂量7.94g；片姜黄3.0-7.31g,平均剂量7.31g；运用升降散加减用药关联密切度显示与柴胡、黄芩、栀子、法半夏、银花、连翘、桔梗、元参、甘草、贝母、防风、薄荷最为密切。说明薛老常与小柴胡、银翘散一起应用,薛老运用升降散复方加减变化情况：与小柴胡、银翘散、大柴胡、凉膈散、四妙勇安汤一起应用比较多。升降散药物之间蝉蜕与僵蚕应用频率最高,升降散药物与其他药物蝉蜕、僵蚕与黄芩、连翘、栀子、柴胡配伍频率最高。升降散药物组成或加减与发热的频度分析,发热时蝉蜕、僵蚕、焦栀子、片姜黄、酒大黄、郁金经常一起应用,说明薛老常用栀子代大黄。
薛老不但外感热病应用升降散,薛老首先提出在内伤杂病应用,并提出升降散六个方面的作用;开郁散热、调理升降、调和气血、凉血散瘀、祛风解毒、镇静安神、补益脏腑,有理论创新,并举10个应用升降散病例说明。
5学术继承人将自己二年来应用老师升清降浊思想和升降散治疗慢性肾衰竭66例的临床病例做一总结,既有治疗期间的观察,也有治疗前后数据比较分析、b值和生存曲线分析,证明其有很好的疗效,能够延缓慢性肾脏病的进展。共66例入选,年龄27-81岁,其中男性41例,女性25例。疗程8.31±6.62月。原发病病种构成：慢性肾小球肾炎45例,高血压肾损害10例,糖尿病肾病6例,痛风肾损害3例,梗阻2例。除一般治疗外根据患者情况运用升清降浊、益气活血法升降散加减组方论治,结果近期总有效率95.2%。益气活血升清降浊法在治疗慢性肾衰时具有良好的疗效,不仅提高了临床治疗的有效率,而且减缓了病人的肾功能衰竭的程度,减轻了病人的症状,改善了病人的生活质量,充分体现了中医治疗CRF的特色优势。
6本研究对薛老应用升降散进行了系统研究,薛老最早在中医界发表介绍蒲老应用升降散的经验,引起后人的重视,对传承推广蒲老学术思想和升降散做出了杰出贡献,从应用数据挖掘技术对薛老应用升降散经验进行整理发现,薛老应用升降散疾病以发热、感冒、便秘、耳鸣、眩晕为常见,症状以咽痛、发热、咳嗽、头痛、口苦、睡眠差多见。运用升降散对应的常见治法前五个为清热、疏肝、和胃、降浊,薛老常与小柴胡、银翘散一起应用,薛老不但外感热病应用升降散,薛老在内伤杂病亦首先大力应用,提出升降散六个方面的作用：开郁散热、调理升降、调和气血、祛风解毒、补益脏腑、镇静安神作用,有理论创新。学术继承人将自己应用老师升清降浊思想和升降散治疗慢性肾衰竭临床病例做-总结,既有治疗期间的观察,也有治疗前后数据比较分析、b值和生存曲线分析,证明其有很好的疗效,能够延缓慢性肾脏病的进展。
This dissertation mainly includes the collation of Professor Xue Boshou's academic thought and clinical experience, the historical origins of Shengjiangsan and Professor Xue's development and promotion of Shengjiangsan, the Shengjiangsan modern clinical application, the research of Professor Xue clinical applications of Shengjiangsan, academic heir Liuwenjun treatment of chronic kidney disease3-5stages using Professor Xue attaching importance to qi ascending and descending academic thought and clinical applications of Shengjiangsan.
1.The collation of Professor Xue Boshou's academic thought and clinical experience.This dissertation sums up five aspects of Professor Xue treatment of exogenous fever, treatment of gynecological, pediatric, and internal diseases, prescription medication clinical experience, treating disease before its onset, and using prescription dose. Professor Xu treatment of exogenous fever can be summarized as:respecting the classics, distinguishing the season, combination of cold and warm, knowing branch and root, retaining stomach qi, observing physical fitness, attaching importance to dissipating and expelling methods, distinguishing disease phases, in which combination of cold and warm, dissipating and expelling evil are the core; Professor Xue treatment of gynecological, internal diseases emphasizes regulating qi and blood, attaching importance to qi ascending and descending, and advocating harmony; Professor Xue treatment of pediatric diseases stresses protecting yang qi, emphasizing secondary symptoms, and regulating stomach qi; Professor Xue treatment of geriatric diseases stresses regulating spleen and stomach, emphasizing dietetic therapy and regulating emotions,with particular emphasis on dietetic therapy inferior to essence qi protection.Professor Xue prescription medication and drug use clinical experiences can be summarized as follows:medication and herbs use brisk, advocating use of classical decoction, while not abandoning use prescription after the Han dynasty, liking to use harmonizing therapy and herbs combination, being good at use Mahuang decoction, Guizhi decoction, Chaihu decoction, Huangqichifeng decoction, Dangguishaoyao decoction,Wenjing decoction and so on, he also attaches importance to the application of ginger, dates, onions and other adjuvant products.
2.The historical origins of Shengjiangsan and Professor Xue's development and promotion.The dissertation summarizes mainly from three aspects of Shengjiangsan historical origins, the contribution of Professor Xue Boshou promotion of Shengjiangsan clinical use, Shengjiangsan function and indications and its prescription analysis.From1587《anbinghuichun》within the government Xian Fang, to1613《Donyibaojian》"Jianghuang pill", and then to1623《Shangshuquanshu》"Shengjiangsan", and finally to the Qing Dynasty 《Erfenxiyi》 Peizhensan and 《Shanghanwenyitiaobian》 Shengjiangsan.Owing to Professor Pu respect of 《Shanghanwenyitiaobian》 and Shengjiangsan, and Professor Xue first published articles introducing older Pu expert clinical applications of Shengjiangsan in TCM profession, which makes Shengjiangsan widely being used, and Yang LiShan and his 《Shanghanwenyi-tiaobian》 are widely recognized and respected, Shengjiangsan may have pioneered a new way of treatment of exogenous fever. In short, Professor Xue made an outstanding contribution to promote older Pu expert academic ideas and Shengjiangsan clinical application.
3. Shengjiangsan modern clinical applications Summary. The dissertation summarizes mainly from three aspects of Shengjiangsan modern clinical application, the mechanism research, the modern Shengjiangsan application summary. Shengjiangsan is a famous prescription of seasonal febrile disease school, Yang LiShan respects Shengjiangsan as main prescription of15prescription in 《Shanghanwenyitiaobian》 treating seasonal febrile disease stagnant heat, Shengjiangsan can be used to treat heat in both the exterior and interior, that is warm-heat diffusiong inside and outside syndrome. Shengjiangsan and its addition and subtraction have been widely used in internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, dermatology, ENT and other clinical subjects,being good effective.Shengjiangsan has anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, anti-allergic, anti-spasmodic, choleretic, anti-convulsant, immune regulation, and inhibiting the allergic, antipyretic, sedative, analgesic, antibacterial effects, and it can improve the body's non-specific immunity, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and improve the ability of the body's intolerance of damage and treatment of kidney disease and other effects. The Shengjiangsan still has a two-way adjustment of boosting and lowering blood pressure, diarrhea and constipation. In short, Modern pharmacological research will help to understand ancient prescriptions Shengjiangsan mechanism role.
4. The research of Professor Xue Boshou clinical application of Shengjiangsan. The dissertation summarizes mainly from two aspects of collating Professor Xue clinical cases application of data mining technology, and interview with Professor Xue discussion of Shengjiangsan. Data mining technology shows Professor Xue applications of Shengjiangsan treatment of lots of diseases, among which fever, colds, constipation, tinnitus, vertigo is most common, sore throat, fever, cough, headache, mouth pain, poor sleep is most common symptoms. The first five Professor Xue commonly used treatment methods are:clearing heat, soothing liver, harmonizing stomach, descending turbid substance. Professor Xue clinical application of Shengjiangsan and its subtraction and addition doses are:Cantui3.0-4.0g, with an average dose of4.08g; Dahuang5.0-5.26g, average dose of5.26; Jiangcan6.0-7.94g, average dose of7.94g; Pian jianghuang3.0-7.31g, average dose of7.31g. The Shengjiangsan drug addition and subtraction associated close degree shows:with Chaihu, Huangqin, Zhizi, Fabanxia, Yinhua, Lianqiao, Jiegeng, Yuanshen, Gancao, Beimu, Fangfeng, Bohe being most closely related, it indicates that Professor Xue often use Shengjiangsan with XiaoChaiHuTang, Yinqiaosan. Professor Xue clinical application of Shengjiangsan plus or minus changes are:Xiaochaihutang, Yinqiaosan, Dachaihutang, LianggeSan, Simiaosongantang, being often used. The highest frequency of Shengjiangsan herbs are Cantui and Jiangcan, The highest frequency of Shengjiangsan herbs and other drugs are:Cantui ang Jiangcan with Huangqin, Lianqiao, Zhizi, Chaihu. The Shengjiangsan drug composition and its addition and subtraction with fever frequency analysis are:Cantui, Jiangcan, Jiaozhizi, Pianjianghuang, Jiudahuang, Yujin being often used, indicating that Professor Xue often uses Zhizi instead of Dahuang.
Professor Xue not only uses Shengjiangsan treatment of exogenous fever, he also first proposes Shengjiangsan treatment of internal injuries and miscellaneous diseases, proposing Shengjiangsan roles in six aspects, namely:relieving stagnation to clear heat, regulating qi ascending and descending, regulating qi and blood, expelling wind and removing toxic materials, relieving convulsion to tranquilize mind, nourishing zang and fu organs, with theoretical value of innovation, Professor Xue cites the application of Shengjiangsan in10typical cases to illustrate.
5. academic heir Liuwenjun treatment of chronic kidney disease3-5stages in66clinical cases using Professor Xue attaching importance to ascending lucidity and descending turbidity academic thought and clinical applications of Shengjiangsan, including both short period of cases observation, there are also cases observation more than a year, Liuwenjun also processes data analysis before and after the therapy, the b value and the survival curve analysis, it indicates that Shengjiangsan have good clinical efficacy, it could delay the progress of chronic kidney disease.Total of66clinical cases were enrolled, aged27to81years, including41male cases and25female cases, treatment periods of8.31±6.62months. Of the primary disease constituting:45cases of chronic glomerulonephritis,10cases of hypertensive renal damage, six cases of diabetic nephropathy,3cases of gout leading to renal damage,2cases of obstructed kidney. In addition to general treatment, according to the patient's condition, we used Shengjiangsan prescription of replenishing qi to activate blood, ascending lucidity and descending turbidity methods, the results of total efficiency being95.2%. It indicates that replenishing qi to activate blood, ascending lucidity and descending turbidity methods has a good efficacy in the treatment of CRF, it not only improves the clinical treatment efficiency, it also slows down the extent of the patient's renal failure, reducing the patients symptoms and improving the patients quality of life, it fully reflects the characteristic advantages of Traditional Chinese Medicine in treatment of CRF.
6. In short, this dissertation systematically summarizes Professor Xue application of Shengjiangsan, Professor Xue first published articles introducing older Pu expert clinical applications of Shengjiangsan in TCM profession, which makes Shengjiangsan widely being used. In short, Professor Xue made an outstanding contribution to promote older Pu expert academic ideas and Shengjiangsan clinical application.Data mining technology shows Professor Xue appling of Shengjiangsan treatment of lots of diseases, among which fever, colds, constipation, tinnitus, vertigo is most common, sore throat, fever, cough, headache, mouth pain, poor sleep is most common symptoms. The first five Professor Xue commonly used treatment methods are:clearing heat, soothing liver, harmonizing stomach, descending turbid substance. It indicates that Professor Xue often uses Shengjiangsan with XiaoChaiHuTang, Yinqiaosan. Professor Xue not only uses Shengjiangsan treatment of exogenous fever, he also first proposes Shengjiangsan treatment of internal injuries and miscellaneous diseases, proposing Shengjiangsan roles in six aspects, namely:relieving stagnation to clear heat, regulating qi ascending and descending, regulating qi and blood, expelling wind and removing toxic materials, relieving convulsion to tranquilize mind, nourishing zang and fu organs, with considerable theoretical innovation and clinical values. academic heir Liuwenjun summarizes systematically for treatment of chronic kidney disease3-5stages in more than two years using Professor Xue attaching importance to ascending lucidity and descending turbidity academic thought and clinical applications of Shengjiangsan, including both short period of cases observation, there are also cases observation more than a year, Liuwenjun also processes data analysis before and after the therapy, the b value and the survival curve analysis, it indicates that Shengjiangsan could delay the progress of chronic kidney disease, having good clinical efficacy, it is extremely uncommon in the TCM profession.
引文
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[2]刘文军,薛燕星,胡东鹏。薛伯寿教授应用升降散的临床经验—薛伯寿继承蒲氏学术思想临床应用发挥.中华中医药学刊,2011,29(1)：75-77
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[4]杨淑霞,解静,升降散三仁汤配合西药治疗小儿手足口病48例,陕西中医,2011,32(3)：285-286
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