摘要
本文研究了不同非寄主植物挥发物对茶尺蠖和假眼小绿叶蝉的行为调控功能，确定了活性组分，明确其调控机制；探明植物挥发物活性组分的释放规律，为田间应用具有行为调控作用的植物及挥发物组分调控茶树害虫提供理论基础。最后，通过茶园间作非寄主植物及田间相关试验探讨非寄主植物及挥发物作为“推”组成单元用于构建茶园“推-拉”策略的可行性。
茶尺蠖成虫对芳香植物气味的趋性反应显示罗勒、迷迭香、柠檬桉和芸香植株挥发物对茶尺蠖雌、雄成虫有显著的驱避效果并能干扰寄主定位。另外，迷迭香、猫薄荷和鼠尾草提取液对茶尺蠖幼虫表现出显著拒食活性。其中活性化合物为myrcene、α-terpinene、γ-terpinene、linalool、cis-verbenol、camphor、α-terpineol和verbenone。EAG反应表明，茶尺蠖雌虫对myrcene和verbenone产生最强的触角电位反应，雄虫对linalool、cis-verbenol和camphor产生最强的触角电位反应。茶尺蠖成虫对α-terpinene和α-terpineol触角电位反应值最小。雌雄虫之间对化合物的触角电位反应值存在明显的差异。茶尺蠖成虫对两种活性成分混合物的触角电位反应高于对单组分的触角电位反应值。触角电位反应随着浓度增加而出现不同程度的升高。茶尺蠖成虫对8种活性化合物和两个混合物的行为反应表明myrcene、γ-terpinene、camphor、verbenone和两种混合物明显地驱避茶尺蠖成虫，并且这种调控效果取决于化合物的浓度。其中，不同浓度水平的camphor和混合物2对尺蠖雌雄虫行为调控功能显著。活性化合物释放存在明显的释放周期，最大的释放量出现在傍晚，最小的释放量出现在中午时间段。在所用的茶树-芳香植物间作模式中，迷迭香和罗勒间作区中茶尺蠖幼虫种群密度明显低于其他间作组合。
茶园间作非寄主植物，包括薰衣草、迷迭香、柠檬桉和决明子可明显减少假眼小绿叶蝉种群数量，提高捕食性天敌种群数量，同时茶园生物多样性提高对于害虫控制具有一定作用。非寄主植物挥发物对假眼小绿叶蝉行为有一定的调控功能。薰衣草、迷迭香和决明子植物挥发物对假眼小绿叶蝉具有一定的驱避作用。不同非寄主挥发物中化合物组成差异较大，其中主要成份为萜烯类化合物，挥发物中大量成分为α-pinene和1,8-cineole。p-cymene、limonene和1,8-cineole对假眼小绿叶蝉有明显的行为调控功能并存在浓度效应。不同非寄主植物挥发物在整个生长季节释放动态相似，分别在春季、秋季呈现出两个释放高峰。
不同植物精油对茶尺蠖、假眼小绿叶蝉表现出不同调控效果。迷迭香、肉桂、罗勒、茴香和天竺葵对茶尺蠖表现出一定的驱避作用，并且茶尺蠖雄虫对植物精油的敏感性高于雌虫。香蜂草和薰衣草在一定的浓度条件下能对茶尺蠖表现出吸引作用。另外，迷迭香、紫苏和天竺葵能明显地干扰茶尺蠖雌虫的产卵。天竺葵、迷迭香、熏衣草、罗勒和肉桂精油对假眼小绿叶蝉成虫表现出明显的驱避作用，结合田间试验结果表明天竺葵、迷迭香和薰衣草对假眼小绿叶蝉成虫表现出显著的驱避效果。
本文筛选出对两种主要茶树害虫有调控功能的非寄主植物挥发物，并确定了挥发物中活性成份的调控机制。通过监测非寄主植物挥发物的昼夜和季节释放规律，明确信息化合物的变化和稳定性，探讨信息化合物调控功能的可靠性。茶园间作非寄主植物能有效控制茶园害虫并能提高天敌的种群数量，为构建和发展茶园害虫的“推-拉”策略奠定了理论基础。
The tea geometrid, Ectropis obliqua (Prout)(Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and tea green leafhopper,Empoasca vitis G the (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) are the most destructive pest insects of tea plantsthroughout the growing areas of this crop causing huge economic losses and the deterioration of thecommercial tea quality. In this thesis, the behavioral manipulating functions of non-host plant volatilesto two tea pests, E. obliqua and E. vitis were studied, the active compounds in the non-host plantvolatiles were identified and their potential repellency effects on E. obliqua and E. vitis were compared,the manipulation mechanism of this semiochemicals were studied. The emission dynamics of thebioactive chemicals from non-host plants with respect to the photoperiod and seasonal period weremonitored, these can provide the theoretical basis of using non-host plants and bioactivesemiochemicals which have behavioral manipulating functions to control main pests of tea plantation.Finally, this research identified whether non-host plants intercropped with tea plants exhibit effectivebehavior-modifying repellency of E. obliqua and E. vitis in the field, and explore that non-host plants,which are nontoxic and safe to organisms and the environment, are suitable for the control of the pestsin tea plantations by means of supplying “push” stimuli.
Behavioral responses of adults E. obliqua to the odors of ten different aromatic plants weremeasured by using “Y” shaped olfactometer in the laboratory, and the antifeedant activities andnutritional interfering effect of ten aromatic plant extracts against the3rd-instar larvae were investigatedby leaf disc choice bioassays. The volatile and the methanol extract of Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinusofficinalis, Corymbia citriodora and Ruta graveolens plants displayed remarkable repellency against thefemale and male adults E. obliqua. The methanol extract of Nepeta cataria, R. officinalis and Salviafarinacea plants had strong antifeedant activities to E. obliqua larvae at the concentration of200mg/mL.The responses of the antennae of female E. obliqua to the compounds were evaluated using gaschromatography-electroantennogram detection. Consistent electroantennographic activity was obtainedfor eight of the volatile compounds from the four aromatic plants: myrcene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene,linalool, cis-verbenol, camphor, α-terpineol and verbenone. Qualitative and quantitative differenceswere found among the four odor profiles. Among the individual compounds tested, myrcene andverbenone elicited the strongest electroantennographic responses of the females, while the EAGresponses of the males to linalool, cis-verbenol and camphor were the strongest. Two other EAD-activecompounds, α-terpinene and α-terpineol, elicited very low EAG responses. The sensitivities to six of thesingle compounds were significantly different between the two sexes. The EAG responses of E. obliquato the two blends of active compounds were stronger than to the eight individual compounds. Responsesof E. obliqua to active compounds were all positive and dose-dependent. Six of the eight chemicals,myrcene, γ-terpinene, camphor, verbenone and two blend were found to be significantly more effectiveat repelling the moths. The attraction of males and females to the doses of camphor and blend2werepractically null and moths significantly preferred the control arm when the concentrations of thechemicals at the attraction source was104g mL1and higher. Most bioactive compounds were emittedin significant diurnal cycles. The maximal emissions occurred at nightfall, and the minimal emissionsoccurred at noon. Our field results demonstrated that intercropping tea plants with R. officinalis and O.basilicum effectively suppressed E. obliqua infestations in the tea plantation.
Intercropping tea plants with L. pedunculata, R. officinalis, C. citriodora and C. tora effectivelysuppressed the populations of E. vitis due to their emission of semiochemicals. The function of non-hostplant volitiles as the “push” components is not only to render the protected resource unsuitable for thetargeted pest via the negative influence of its stimuli on host location and host acceptance but also toimprove the conservation biological control of E. vitis, by attracting their natural enemies, such asspiders, ladybirds and chrysopa. Behavioral responses of adults E. vitis to the odors of differentnon-host plants were also measured by using “Y” shaped olfactometer in the laboratory, The volatile ofLavandula pedunculata, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Catsia tora plants displayed remarkable repellency against the adults E. vitis. By comparing the repellent activity of different VOC mixtures from non-hostplants, we found that both the quality and quantity of the components in the VOCs were responsible forthe differential repellency of the different species and that terpenoids were the most abundantcomponents in the volatile blends. The dominant VOCs in the odor blend of non-host plant volitileswhich have behavioral manipulating functions were1,8-cineole and α-pinene. Among the individualcompounds tested, p-cymene, limonene and1,8-cineole elicited the strongest behavorial responses ofthe adults, and responses of E. vitis to active compounds were dose-dependent. The volitile compoundswere emitted in significant diurnal cycles from different non-host plants with respect to the seasonalperiod. The maximal emissions occurred in spring and autumn, and the minimal emissions occurred insummertime.
The odors of different plant essential oils elicited the different behavioral activity of E. obliqua andE. vitis. R. officinalis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, O. basilicum, C. cyminum, Pelargoniumx asperumshowed the repellent behavioral activity of adult E. obliqua in the behavioral assays. Melissa officinalisand lavandula pedunculata showed attractive effect on E. obliqua. R. officinalis, Perilla frutescens andPelargoniumx asperum also have deterred oviposition for E. obliqua. In the present study, the repellenteffects of fourteen essential oils, including basil, thyme, eucalyptus, peppermint, cumin, cinnamon,ageratum, rosemary, geranium, melissa, citronella, lavender, perilla and palmarosa, were evaluated intheir volatiles against E. vitis. Among the essential oils tested, the most repellent for adult E. vitis wererosemary, geranium, ginnamon and lavender. At1.0μL mL-1, the plant essential oils of cinnamoncaused most repellency (73.3%) of E. vitis. We compared the efficacy of five plant essential oils to repelE. vitis, in the presence of an attractive odour,(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate in a pasture field. It appears thatrosemary, geranium and lavender is a promising thrips repellent which could be used for further testingin a “push-pull” system.
Non-host plant volatiles and the active compounds have the behavioral manipulating functions fortwo tea pests, E. obliqua and E. vitis based on the manipulation mechanism of some semiochemicals. Insuch behavior manipulation processes, the variability and stability of semiochemicals are vital. Theemission dynamics of the bioactive chemicals from non-host plants with respect to the photoperiod andseasonal period showed that the behavior-modifying semiochemicals are reliable. Non-host plantswhich intercropped with tea plants would manipulate the distribution and abundance of pests and/ortheir natural enemies for pest control. Non-host plants and bioactive semiochemicals are suitable for thecontrol of the pests in tea plantations by means of supplying “push” stimuli.
引文
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