对我国帆板运动员自我效能的分析与提高对策研究
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摘要
动机问题一直是国际运动心理学研究的热点。近些年来,在动机问题的研究领域中,社会认知理论的影响越来越大,这一学派的研究者将人的动机行为看作社会情境中人的认知过程和思维过程的体现。在社会认知理论中,有三种不同的学派,从不同的角度对体育运动领域的动机问题进行了大量的研究。这三个学派是自我效能理论(Bandura,1977,1986)、主观能力理论(Hafter,1978)和动机目标理论(Dweck,1986;Dweck & Elliot,1983;Nicholls,1989)。其中,影响最大的是自我效能理论。自我效能是人类行为操作活动的一种强大力量,在控制和调节行为方面有着极其重要的作用。竞技体育是一项高竞争,高成就和高应激的领域,自我效能对运动员的训练和比赛是至关重要的。运动员的自我效能是运动员对自己各种能力和能力可能产生的效能的认知。自我效能的高低对运动技术水平的发挥具有非常重要的作用。因此通过对运动员训练与比赛中自我效能的诊断与评定,有针对地进行运动员自我效能的培养和训练是提高运动员心理品质的有效途径,同时也有助比赛中运动员技战术水平的发挥。但是,目前我国运动心理界对自我效能的研究不够重视,也不够深入,研究文献数量较少且不全面,缺乏结合具体项目进行深入研究,特别是对自我效能的结构、测量和系统的自我效能感的培养模式的研究尚不够广泛和深入。因此结合具体项目对自我效能进行分析和研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。在此背景下,本文结合帆板运动进行研究。
     帆板运动是一项由人体驾驭帆板对抗(克服或利用)自然的海浪与海风的运动。这项运动自二十世纪七十年代创立以来,由美国起源逐渐风靡世界。1980年和1984年的二十三、二十五后奥运会把帆板比赛列入正式比赛项目,标志着帆板运动已经由单纯的娱乐、休闲运动发展成为一项世界性竞技体育运动。相对于其它许多运动项目而言,
    
     曲阜师范大学体目系2002届研贸生颀土学位论文
     帆板运动员要面对更多持殊的挑战与挫折.囚为海上环坑复杂多变,
     如风力、风向、风速不停变化,涌、浪、潮的形式多种多样等等,运
     动员需要在复杂多变的自然条件下迎接数天高强度的十几轮的比赛,
     使运动员的身体和心理承受着巨大的压力。运动员技战术水平的高低
     在很大程度上表现为克服或利用自然条件的能力.帆板运动页在比赛
     时要面对的环托,蕴含着模糊的、不可预见的而且是常常具有威迫倾
     向的困素,运动员的有效行为操作必须借助于很多预备的子技能(如
     心理机能)来应付变幻莫测的比赛条件,而子技能的启动与整合是由
     对操作能力的判断所支配,这就必须借助于自我生成的能力。这种生
     成能力关注的不是一个人所具有的技能本身,而是对拔能的判断和权
     衡即自我效能感.在帆板运动中,运动员要有较高的自我效能感才能
     适应这种特殊条件下训练和比赛的需要.困此,对运动员适应和处理
     问题和挑战的能力以及应对环境变化能力的内在心理机制进行分析,
     是帆板运动。C理研究中亟待解决的课题.
     本研究采用文献资料、问卷调查、数理统计、逻辑归纳和实地观
    t 察等研究方法,对帆板运动员的自我效能理论、现状及提高对策进行
     了探索性研究,初步得出以下结论:
     l.毗运动员自我效能结构主要由应变力、赛前准备和赛后调整、
     专业理论知识和规则知识掌握、技术运用、情绪调控、战术运用、意
     志力和创新,\个方面效能构成,其中每个效能又包括四个子固子,体
     现了帆板运动员自我效能结构的复杂性和多样性。
     2.帜d反运动员自我效能结构发展不均衡,其中心能(情绪调控、
     意志力)和智能(创新、知识运用)方面的效能较低,反映了目前帆
     板运动训练对心理训练方面重视不够.
     3.不同级别帆板运动员自我效能差异显著,自我效能高于一般运
     动员,国家级运动员的自我效能结构基本合理,但一般运动员的自我
     效能结构有一定的偏差.男女运动页自我玫能从总体上无显£性差异.
    0
     ·2-
     3
    
     曲罩师范大学体目系2002届研究生硕土学位论文
     D
     4.影响帆板运动页自我效能判断的固素主要是运动员的
The motive problem is continuously the hot spot of international psychological research. The influence that the society cognition theory is raised to the whole sports area was more and more bigger in resent years. The researches of this field regard this motive action as the embodying of the cognition course and the thoughts process of the people in social circumstances. Among the social cognition theory, there are 3 different schools of thoughts. They carried a large number of researches on the motive problems of sports area from different angles. This three school of thoughts are self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977,1986), subjective ability theory (Harter, 1978) and motive objective theory (Dweck, 1986,1983). Among them, the self-efficacy theory was the most influential one. The efficacy is a kind of controlling and powerful physical strength of mankind activities, and has important value on controlling and adjusting action. Sports are the domain of high competition, and the self-efficacy is important to sportsman. The self-efficacy of sportsman is the sportsman's self-perception and faith of various abilities. The level of self-efficacy is very important to the application of sports technology. The level of self-efficacy is very important to the application of sports technology. Therefore, by the evaluation of the self-efficacy about the sportsman's training and competition, it is an effective way to raise the biological quality of the sportsman through the self-efficacy cultivating and training.
    Windsurfing is a driving sports that the windsurfers utilize wave and sea wind to drive the sailing boats. Since this sports was founded from in the 70's 20th century, by the United States origin gradually fashionable world. Olympic Games of 23 and 25 fall dues are competed the windsurfer enlists the formal event, and is indicating that windsurfing has been developed to become world sports by simple amusement and the leisure sports. Relatively with other many sports items and speech, windsurfing person will face even more special challenge and setback. Because the
    
    
    environment at sea complicated changeable, the form if wind-force, wind direction and wind speed are not stopped to change, gushing and unrestrained and damp is varied etc, and sportsman need to meet the match of tens of high strength under the complicated changeable natural condition, and the body of sportsman and mentality are bearing huge pressure. That the height of sportsman skill tactics standards shows to surmount or uses the nature condition the ability .So, the effective action of sportsman is operated that the young technical ability must have the aid of in a lot of preparations deals with the match condition changeable to the factor that the environment that the windsurfing person will be faced when the match is containing blurredly and cannot foresee, and the Boot of young technical ability is by arranging to the judgment of operation ability with the conformity, and this must have the aid of the ability in the selfhood formation and is that namely the judgment to technical ability is felt with weighing selfhood efficacy. Windsurfing person will have higher selfhood efficacy to feel suiting the needs training with the match under this kind of special condition in the windsurfing. What this kind the generative capacity concern is not the technical ability itself that one individual possesses, Suits sportsman and deal with the ability of problem as well as suits the inherent mentality mechanism of environment change ability and analyses, is the subject that in the windsurfing mentality research urgently needs the settlement. This research takes high horizontal windsurfing person as the research object, and chiefly uses the document datum and asks rolling up investigations, a mathematical statistics and the logic research methods such as conclusions and observation etc on the spot, to selfhood efficacy theory, present situation and countermeasure nature exploring research of windsurfing person, in the hope of making perfect the windsurfing mentali
引文
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