怒江流域开发与环境保护的关系
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摘要
我国水电建设经历坎坷曲折,旧中国水电建设十分落后,1912年,在云南建
    成的石龙坝水电站是中国的第一座水电站,1949年全国水电装机总容量仅为36
    万kw,其中主要的还是日本侵略中国时修建的东北丰满水电站。新中国建国后的
    半个世纪以来,我国的水电建设有了飞跃发展,特别是在近20年,建设规模之大,
    速度之快,技术创新之多,令世界水电同行瞩目。截至1999年全国水电装机总容
    量达7297万kw,居世界第二位。尽管我们已取得了很大的成就,我国水电开发
    仍潜力巨大。我国水能资源理论蕴藏总量(未包括台湾省)达6. 76亿kw,可开
    发容量约3. 78亿kw,但是,目前开发率按电量算只有10%左右,不但远远落后
    于美国、加拿大、欧洲等发达国家,而且也落后于巴西、埃及、印度等发展中国
    家。为实现我国21世纪社会经济的可持续发展,最近,党中央提出了“西北大开
    发”的伟大战略决策。发展水电,西电东送是实施“西北大开发”战略的重大课
    题之一,也是实现我国电力资源优化配置的关键。水电的开发,一靠改革,二靠
    政策,三靠科技。改革是解放和发展生产力,政策是生产力发展的保障,科学技
    术是第一生产力。根据国家“十五”计划和2015年远景规划,到2015年水电装
    机达到1. 5亿kw,这个计划完成之日,全国主要江河上条件最好的骨干工程都已
    建成,中小河流得到梯级开发,全国水能资源开发程度可达40%。近20年以来,
    工业的发展,推动了科学技术的进步,经济快速发展,带来了资源的巨大耗费,
    人口的膨胀导致了世界范围内的环境恶化,1992年6月在里约热内卢召丌的环境
    发展大会上,产生了具有划时代意义的全球《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》,因而
    “可持续发展”战略逐步在国际上形成共识。其目的在于同时实现经济发展和环
    境保护两个目标,既能满足当前的发展需求,又不危害未来时代的自我发展能力。
    经济增长和电能增长密切相关,今后20年内我国需电量的增长率平均约4
    %。水能是开发条件最好的清洁的再生能源。当今世界出于CO2温室气体的增加
    引起全球变暖问题和酸雨危害面积不断扩大唤起了人们广泛的关注。而水能不产
    生CO2、 SO2、 Nox等有害气体,优先利用是减轻全球变暖的有效措施,也是防止
    酸雨、改善大气质量的有效措施。同时水电站常有防洪、灌溉、供水、航运、水
    产养殖和旅游等综合利用效益,也有利于改善生态环境。我国水电占整个电力构
    成的20%,这是一种可再生的清洁能源,而目前云南的水电开发率仅为6. 9%,低
    于全国水电开发率的平均水平。所以还可以建一些水电站。大中型水利水电工程
    包括了防洪、灌溉、航运等诸多功能。事物往往都具有两面性,水电开发有利的
    
    
    同时对环境也会带来一系列不利影响,如水库淹没,大坝不利通航和回游性鱼类
    受阻,泥沙冲淤,诱发地震,滑坡塌岸,水质水温变化,水土流失,物种减少,
    库区文物淹没以及施工对当地环境的冲击等,问题是要抓住矛盾的主要方面,怎
    样处理好两者之间的关系?怎样在保护中求发展?国家对大中型水利工程中的环
    境保护问题非常重视,有专门的法律法规,大型水利水电工程的规划都是严格履
    行了法律规定的程序。自1979年国家颁发了《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,1981
    年颁布了《基本建设项目环境管理办法》后,我国陆续制定了一系列法规、条例、
    导则和专业规范,对大中型水利水电工程,规定在前期工作中要提出环境影响评
    价,对工程引起的不利环境影响要进行科学分析,区别情况,采取必要的措施予
    以防范,减免或综合治理。1998年国务院发布了第253号令《建设项目环境保护
    管理条例》,为了实施可持续发展战略,预防因规划和建设项目实施后对环境造成
    不良影响,促进经济、社会和环境的协调发展,2002年10月28日第九届全国人
    民代表大会常务委员会第三十次会议通过自2003年9月1日起实施的第77号令
     《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》。进一步完善、规范了我国的环境管理制度。
    开发与保护并不矛盾,离开开发孤立地谈保护是不科学的,环境保护不能走向极
    端,环境问题很重要,但经济发展同样重要,去年全国能源消费达到了45亿吨标
    准煤,这造成大气环境的严重污染。怎么优化能源结构?石油、天然气也对环境
    有影响,只是比煤碳小得多,但也释放温室气体,也排放二氧化碳。而可再生能
    源一一一水电、风电、太阳能就没有这个问题,所以国家制定了优先发展水电的
    政策。经专家测算,水资源如果很好地开发,大概一年有两万亿的电量,相当七
    八亿的标准煤。它是最能替代煤的,因为它随时都可再生。所以最近五年水电项
    目上得非常多。水电对水生生物的影响是存在的,但对生态、对气候的影响只是
    局部的,与大量烧煤引起的全球气候变化相比更是可以忽略不计,而且经过一段
    时间后可以达到新的平衡。影响是好是坏需要进一步充分的论证,不能泛泛地讲,
    开发和保护应该并存,发展才是硬道理。
China hydraulic power generation construction undergoes full of frustrations. Before Liberation, China hydraulic power generation construction was very backward. Shilongba hydropower station that was built in yunnan in 1912 is the first one in China. In 1949, the hydropower installed capacity of all the country is 360.000KW. The most primary one is Fengman hydropower station that was built by Japanese in Northeast in the War of Resistance Against Japan. Since half the century after New China the founding of our country, the hydropower construction of our country has been developing by leaps and bounds. Especially in the near 20 years, the large scale, high speed, many technology innovation of the construction are focused attention upon by the people of the hydropower. Up to 1999 the hydropower installed capacity of all the country is 72,970,000KW, the second place of the world. Though the prodigious achievement had been gained, the hydropower exploitation potential of our country is very vast. Water energy r
    esource theoretical gross deposits of our country reach 676 million KW. The capacity that is exploit reach about 378 million KW. But now the exploitation rate is only 10 percent or so according to the quantity of hydropower. It fall behind Not only the developed country such as America, Canada and the country of Europe, but also the developing country such as Brazil, Egypt and India. In order to realize our country 21 century society economy sustained development, recently the Party Central Committee put forward the great strategic decision-making of "west great exploitation". Developing hydropower and supplying electricity from the west to the east is one of major issue put the strategy of "west great exploitation" in practice. It is also a key of realizing our country electric power resource optimize distribution. Hydropower exploitation firstly rely on reformation, secondly policy, thirdly science and technology. Reformation means liberating and developing the productive forces. Policy is the guarantee of
     the productive forces developing. Science and technology are the primary productive forces. According to the Nation "No. 15 "Plan and 2015 Year Long-range Plan, up to 2015 hydropower installed capacity reaches 150 million KW. After this Plan is finished, on the main river of the whole nation condition-best backbone engineering has been built. The middle and small class rivers have been exploited step by step. The exploitation degree of the water energy resource reaches 40 percent. Near 20 years, the development of the industry propels science and technology forward. The rapid development of economy brings the large use of resource. The expand of population leads to environment worsening all over the world. Declaration oh Environment and development that is of great significance was produced in conference on environment and development that was had in Rio de Janeiro in June, 1992. So "Sustain Development" strategy step by step forms common understanding. Its aim means realizing two objects of economy develop
    ment and environment protection, meeting current development demand and not harming future self-developing ability.
    Economy increasing is closely related with electricity energy increasing. In the coming 20 years the increasing rate of the demanding quantity of electricity of our country is about 4 percent. Water energy is the best clean regenerative energy. Now globe warming up problem that increasing of greenhouse gas CO? cause and that area of acid rain harms is more and more widen arouses people's widespread attention. But water energy cannot generate harmful gas such as CO2, SO2, Nox etc. Giving priority to using water energy is effective measure that lightens globe warming up and prevents acid rain and improves air quality. Hydropower station also have many integrative using benefit such as preventing flood, irrigation, water supply, shipping, aquiculture and tour etc. It is benefit to improving entironment. Hydropower of our country is 20 percent of entire power. It is a regenerative clean energy.
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