摘要
非充分供水土壤水分入渗过程是自然界降雨水分和灌溉水进入土壤的重要过程之一,小强度降水或喷洒条件下的水分入渗属于非充分供水入渗。研究非充分供水土壤水分入渗过程对降雨径流计算和喷灌技术参数确定有重要价值。本论文是以国家自然科学基金项目(40671081)“区域尺度上土壤入渗参数多元非线性传输函数研究”为支撑,选择从沙到黏的八种不同质地的土壤为研究对象,采用试验研究与理论研究相结合、理论分析与数值模拟相结合的研究方法,系统地研究了非充分供水条件下的土壤水分入渗特性及其影响主导因素,建立了非充分供水三阶段入渗模型;探索了非充分供水入渗模型参数与充分供水入渗模型参数间的数量关系;利用多元线性、非线性、BP神经网络土壤传输函数对非充分供水入渗模型参数及入渗过程进行预报;实现了对非充分供水入渗过程的数值模拟。主要研究成果和创新点如下:
研究成果:
(1)揭示了非充分供水土壤水分入渗的基本特性。其入渗过程可分为供水强度控制入渗阶段、非饱和土入渗阶段和饱和土入渗阶段,积水时刻和相对稳定入渗时间是三者的分界点。
(2)建立了非充分供水土壤水分入渗三阶段模型。第一阶段供水强度控制阶段,入渗率为一常数,其值等于供水强度;第二阶段非饱和土入渗控制阶段,入渗率符合Kostiakov三参数模型;第三阶段饱和土入渗控制阶段,入渗率等于相对饱和渗透系数。
(3)影响非充分供水土壤水分入渗特性的主要因素有供水强度、土壤质地、初始含水率、土壤结构等。建立了积水时刻、稳定入渗时间、入渗量、湿润锋及入渗模型参数与这些主要影响因素间的数量关系。积水时刻随供水强度的变化符合负幂函数关系,随着土壤干容重、土壤黏粒含量、初始含水率的变化符合对数函数关系。
(4)建立了非充分与充分供水土壤水分入渗率模型参数间的关系,实现了用充分供水入渗模型参数来预报非充分供水入渗模型参数。①积水后第一个单位时间末的入渗率B1等于供水强度与稳定入渗率之差。②非充分供水入渗的稳定入渗率f01等于充分供水稳定入渗率f0。③入渗衰减指数α1与α间的关系为:α_1 = ( -0.9552+0.8355γ_d -0.1726θ_i-0.2121ω_1+1.6123ω_3+2.669R_0)α
(5)利用多元线性、非线性和BP神经网络土壤传输函数对非充分供水土壤水分入渗模型参数及入渗过程的预报是可行的。多元线性和非线性两种土壤传输函数(5个变量)的预报误差相差不大,各预报量的预报误差范围在14.9%-43.8%之间;BP神经网络土壤传输函数采用单隐层结构(5-10-1),各预报量的预报误差范围在6.8%-18.8%;BP网络土壤传输函数的预报误差最小。
(6)建立了非充分供水条件下的土壤水分运动的定解问题,利用有限差分法对其入渗过程进行数值模拟。该程序实现了非充分供水土壤水分入渗过程、湿润锋推进距离和任一时刻含水率分布的模拟。
创新点:
(1)建立了非充分供水土壤水分入渗三阶段模型。
(2)系统分析了土壤质地、含水率、结构、供水强度对入渗积水时刻的影响,建立了入渗积水时刻与各影响因素间的数量关系及积水时刻的预报模型,为降雨径流计算、喷灌技术参数确定提供了理论依据。
(3)根据8种土壤质地的入渗试验数据,建立了同土壤条件下的非充分供水入渗与充分供水入渗模型参数间的关系,为非充分供水入渗模型参数的获取提供一种新的方法。
(4)在400组样本的基础上,利用多元线性、非线性和BP网络土壤传输函数,实现了对非充分供水入渗模型参数的预报。BP网络预报的精度最高。本研究是以指导农田喷灌和降雨径流研究为主要出发点,对非充分供水条件下的土壤水分入渗特性进行了较为全面深入的研究,实现了用多种土壤传输函数预报非充分供水入渗模型参数及入渗过程。但是由于数据观测误差、试验方法或预测方法等原因,使得某些参数的预报精度还较低,还需要进一步探索新的预报方法,将预报误差控制在10%以下。
The soil moisture infiltration process of the non-sufficient water supply is one of the important process that the nature rainfall and irrigation water to enter into soil,such as the moisture infiltration of soil under the condition of small runoff or sprinkling. Consequently, the research of the infiltration process of the non-sufficient water supply has an important value to the calculation of rainfall runoff and the determination of sprinkling irrigation technology parameter. Based on the nation natural science fund project (No.4067081) item“researches the transfer-function of soil infiltration parameter multiple non-linearity on area dimension”,this paper is taken eight types soil texture form sand to clay as object of study. Adopt the method of experimental research and theoretical research and theoretical analysis and numerical simulation combination, the infiltration characteristics of non-sufficient water supply and impact factor was systemically investigated and infiltration model of non-sufficient water supply was established. It was explored the quantity relationship of model parameters of infiltration between non-sufficient water supply and sufficient water supply. The infiltration process and its modal parameters were predicted by means of multiple linearity, non-linearity and BP neural network soil transfer-function. It was realized the numerical simulation of infiltration process under the condition of non-sufficient water supply. The research finds and innovation of this paper are mainly indicated as follows: The research finds:
(1) It was revealed the infiltration variation characteristics of soil moisture under the condition of non-sufficient water supply. The non-sufficient water supply infiltration process can be divided into three stages: the infiltration stage of water supply intensity control, the infiltration stage of unsaturated soil control and the infiltration stage of saturated soil control. The ponding and stable infiltration time are the demarcation point of the above three.
(2) It was established the three stages model for non-sufficient water supply infiltration. Firstly, The infiltration rate of the water supply intensity controlling stage is of a constant, and its value is equal to the water supply intensity; secondly, the infiltration rate of unsaturated soil controlling stage adopts Kostiakov three parameters model; thirdly, the infiltration rate of saturated soil controlling stage equals to relative saturated infiltration coefficient.
(3) The main factors influencing infiltration characteristics are the intensity of water supply, dry bulk density of the soil, the initial soil moisture and soil texture. The research was established a numerical relationship between the main influence factors and ponding time“tp”, infiltration capacity, wetting front,wetting front rate,infiltration model parameters, stability infiltration time. The ponding time conforms to negative power exponent as the water supply intensity changes, and to logarithm as soil texture, soil moisture, soil structure changes.
(4) It was established the relationship between infiltration model parameters of non-sufficient and sufficient water supply and realized the forecast of infiltration model parameters under the condition of non-sufficient water supply by infiltration model parameters under the condition of sufficient water supply.①Non-sufficient infiltration parameter B1 is equal to water supply intensity and steady infiltration rate of the difference.②Non-sufficient infiltration of the steady infiltration rate f01 is equal to the infiltration rate f0 of sufficient water supply.③The relationship infiltration decline indexα1 andαis:α_1 = ( -0.9552+0.8355γ_d -0.1726θ_i-0.2121ω_1+1.6123ω_3+2.669R_0)α
(5) In this paper, the prediction of the soil infiltration model parameters and infiltration process under the condition of non-sufficient water supply is feasible by the application of multiple-linearity, non-linearity and BP neural network soil transfer-function. The forecast error of soil transfer-function by means of multiple linearity and non-linearity is come near; its scope is from 14.9% to 43.8%. The forecast error of BP neural network by using the unlined hidden layer structure(5-10-1)is the smallest, its scope is from 6.8% to 18.8%.
(6) It was established the mathematical model of the soil moisture movement under the condition of the non-sufficient water supply, and adopts the finite-difference method to simulate the infiltration process. The program carries on the simulations of the infiltration process, the moving distance of wetting front and distribution of soil moisture.
Innovation:
(1) This paper was established the three stages model for non-sufficient water supply infiltration.
(2) Analysed systematically the effect soil texture, initial moisture, soil structure and water intensity on ponding time, the research was established numerical relationship between the main influence factors and ponding time and forecast model of ponding time and provided the theory basis for the calculation of rainfall runoff and the determination of sprinkling irrigation technology parameter.
(3) Based on the experimental data with eight soils, this paper was established the relationship between infiltration model parameters of non-sufficient and sufficient water supply and provided a new method for getting infiltration model parameters under the condition of non-sufficient water supply.
(4) Based on the statistics of 400 groups of experimental, this paper was realized the forecast of infiltration model parameters under the condition of non-sufficient water supply by the application of multiple linearity, non-linearity and BP neural network soil transfer-function. The forecast of BP neural network is the highest precision. This research mainly starts from the instruction of field sprinkling irrigation and the investigation of rainfall runoff, and carries out a comprehensive and pervasive study on the infiltration characteristics of non-sufficient water supply soil. It was realized the forecast of soil infiltration model parameters and infiltration process under the condition of non-sufficient water supply by the application of soil transfer-functions.However, the parameter forecast accuracy could hardly obtain precision because of the data error of observation, the experimental method and predications method. The research is needed to explore the new forecast method that makes the forecast errors controlle below 10%.
引文
[1] 2007年中国水利发展报告[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.
[2] 2007年中国水资源公报[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.
[3]王晓燕,高焕文,杜兵等.用人工模拟降雨研究保护性耕作下的地表径流与水分入渗[J].水土保持通报,2000,20(3):23-25.
[4]赵西宁.黄土坡耕地土壤入渗规律研究[D].杨凌,西北农林科技大学,2002.
[5]陈一兵,Kirn Troubowst.紫色土渗透性的对比研究[J].水土保持通报,1997,17(2):11-20.
[6]宋孝玉,李永杰,陈洪松等.黄土沟壑区不同下垫面条件农田降雨入渗及产流规律野外试验研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,1998,16(4):65-72.
[7]余新晓,陈丽华.人工降雨条件下的入渗实验研究[J]水土保持学报,1989,3(4):15-22.
[8]扬艳生等.江西兴国县土壤渗透性的研究[J].水土保持通报,1982,6: 33-38.
[9]李援农,费良军.土壤空气压力影响下的非饱和入渗格林-安姆特模型[J].水利学报, 2005, 36(6) :733-737.
[10]张永涛,杨吉单等.石质山地不同条件的土壤入渗特件研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):123 -126.
[11]姚贤良,程云生等.土壤物理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1986.
[12]朱祖祥.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1979.
[13]雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].清华大学出版社,1988.
[14] Richards L A. Capillary conduction of liquid sin porous mudiums [J]. Physics,(1) 1931.
[15] Kostiakov,A.N.On the dynamics of the coeffient of water Percolation in soils and on the necessity of studying it from a dynamic Point of view for Purposes of amelioration[J]. Trans, com, int, soc, soil. 1932, 6th. Moscow part A. 17-21.
[16] Horton R E. An approach to ward a Physical interpretation of infiltration capacity[J]. Soil Sci Soc Arn Proc,1940, 3: 399-417.
[17] Green W H,and Ampt G A. Studies on soil Physics:1.Flow of air and water through soils[J]. Agric Sci,1911,4(l): l-24.
[18] Philip J R. The theory of infiltration: 1. the infiltration equation and its solution [J].Soil Sci, 1957, 83(5): 345-357.
[19] Horton, R. E, An approach toward a physical interpretation of infiltration-capacity[J].Soil Sci.Am. Proc.5,1940, 399-417.
[20] Smith R. E. The infiltration envelope, Results from a theoretical infiltrometer[J]. Journal of Hydrology. 17 1922, 1-21.
[21]方正三等合著.黄河中游黄土高原梯田的调查研究[M].北京:科学出版社, 1958.
[22]蒋定生,黄国俊.黄土高原土壤入渗速率的研究[J].土壤学报,1986(4).
[23]范荣生,李长兴,李占斌.考虑降雨空间变化的流域产流模型[J].水利学报,1994(3):33-39.
[24]吴长文,王礼先.林地土壤的入渗及其模拟研究[J].水土保持研究,1995(l):71-75.
[25]周择福,洪玲霞.不同林地土壤水分入渗和入渗模拟的研究[J].林业科学,1997,33(l):9-16.
[26]李云霞,赵建军等.潮土水分入渗与再分布性能的模拟研究[J].河南农业大学学报,1998,32(3):216-219.
[27] Hillel D. Soil and Water-Physical principles and Processes[M]. Academic Press,New York, 1971.
[28] Rubin J. Theory of rainfall up take by soils initially drier than their field capacity and its applications[J]. Water Resources Res, 1966,2:739-749.
[29]康绍忠等.内蒙古敖包小流域土壤入渗分布规律的研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报, 1996,2(2):38-46.
[30]刘贤赵,康绍忠.陕西王东沟小流域野外土壤人渗试验研究[J].人民黄河,1998,20(2):14-19.
[31]赵人俊,王佩兰.霍顿与菲利蒲下渗公式对子洲径流站资料的拟合[J].人民黄河,1982,l -3.
[32]杨文治,邵明安.黄土高原土壤水分研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[33]马履一.国内外土壤水分研究现状与进展[J].世界林业研究,1997, 9(3):14-19.
[34] Mein G.R, Larson C.L. Modeling infiltration during a steady rain [J].Water Resource Res, 1973, 9:384-394.
[35] Neuman S.P. Wetting front Pressure head in the infiltration model of Green-Ampt[J].Water Resource Res., 1976, 12
[36] Chong S.K, Green R.E. and Ahuja L.R. Infiltration Prediction based on estimation of Green-Ampt wetting front Pressure head from measurement of Soils water redistribution [J].Soil Sci. Soc. Am J, 1982, 46.
[37]张光辉,邵明安.用土壤物理特性推求Green-Ampt入渗模型中吸力参数sf [J].土壤学报,2000, 37(4):553-557.
[38] Barry D A.Infiltration under ponded conditions: An explicit Predictive infiltration[J]. Soil Sci, 1995, 160(1):8-17.
[39] Bertrand A.R.(1965).Rate of water in take in the field .In methods of soil Analysis[J]. Monograph no.9,1965, Am. Soc. Agron, Madison, Wisconsin.
[40]樊贵盛.波涌灌溉入渗特性及地面灌溉水流数值模拟[D].陕西机械学院,1993,3.
[41]雷志栋,杨诗秀.非饱和土壤水一维流动的数值计算[J].水利学报,1982,(9):4-7.
[42]李恩羊.渗灌条件下土壤水分运动的数值模拟[J].水利学报,1982,(5):1-4.
[43]杨诗秀,雷志栋.匀质土壤一维非饱和流动通用程序[J].土壤学报,1985, (l):24-34.
[44]周维博.降雨人渗蒸发条件下土壤水分运动的数值模拟[J].水利学报,1991,(9):32-36.
[45]张家发.三维饱和非饱和稳定非稳定渗流场的有限元模拟[J].长江科学院院报, 1997, 14(3):35-38.
[46]吴宏伟,陈守义,庞字威.雨水入渗对非饱和土坡稳定性影响的参数研究[J].岩土力学,1999,20(l): l-14.
[47]朱伟,山村和也.降雨时土堤内的饱和~非饱和渗流及其解析[A].中国土木工程学会第八届土力学及岩土工程学术会议论文集[C].北京:万国学术出版社,1999.
[48] A.J. Franzluebbers. Water infiltration and soil structure related to organic matter and its stratification with depth [J]. Soil &Tillage Research .2002, 66:197-205.
[49] N. Zapata, E.Playan. Elevation and infiltration in a level basin [J]. I. Characterizing variability, lrrig Sci, 2000, 19:155-164.
[50] N. ZaPata, E.Playan, J.M.Faci. Elevation and infiltration in a level basin [J]. II. Impact on soil water and corn yield, Irrig Sci, 2000, 19:1 63-173.
[51] M.Singh, S.Tan, S.D.Sharma. Effects of Adjuvants on Wetting and Water Infiltration of Soils [J]. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 2002, 68: 692-698.
[52] Quanjiu Wang, Robert Horton, Mingan Shao. Horizontal Infiltration Method Determining Brooks-Corey Model Parameters [J]. Soil Sci.Soc. Am.J. November-december, 2002,66(6): 1733-1739.
[53] S.Z.Kang, P.Shi, Y.H.Pan, Z.S.Liang. Soil water distribution,uniformity and water use efficiency under altemate furrow irrigation in arid areas[J]. Irrig Sci, 2000, 19:181-190.
[54]李久生,张建君,饶敏杰.滴灌系统运行方式对砂壤土水氮分布影响的试验研究[J].水利学报, 2004(9):31-37.
[55] Aken A .O and B. C. Yen, Affect of rainfall intensity no infiltration and surface runoff rates [J]. Hydraulic Research 1984,21(2) :324-331.
[56]周国逸,潘淮俦.林地土壤的降雨入渗规律[J].水土保持学报,1990 (2): 79-85.
[57]王玉宽,王占,周佩华.黄土高原坡地降雨产流过程的实验分析[J].水土保持学报,1991 (2): 25-32.
[58] Parlange, J. Y. Theory of water movement in soil:8. one dimensional infiltration with content flux at the surface. Soil Sci,1972, 144
[59]张光辉,梁一民.黄土丘陵区人工草地径流起始时间研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(3):78-83.
[60]沈冰,王文焰,沈晋.短历时降雨强度对黄土坡地径流形成影响的实验研究[J].水利学报,1995(3):21-27.
[61]袁建平,蒋定生,甘淑.影响坡地降雨产流历时的因子分析[J].山地学报,1999,17(3):259-264.
[62]陈洪松,绍明安等.野外模拟降雨条件下坡面降雨产流试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2):5-8.
[63]张启昌,孟庆繁,兰晓龙.黄土低山丘陵区湿润锋运动的实验研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(4),84-88.
[64]丁梦娟,岳红光,杨军元.浸润锋运动规律的研究[J].吉林水利水土保持,1994,10,26-32.
[65] Philip J R.The theory of infiltration:5.The influence of the initial moisture content. Soil Sci.84,329-339.
[66] Bodman G. B., and Colman, E.A. Moisture and energy condition during down-ward entry of water into soil[J].Soil Sci, Soc. Am. Proc. 8:166-182.
[67]扬文治,邵明安.黄土高原土壤水分研究[M].北京:科学出版社.2000.
[68]贾志军等.土壤含水率对坡耕地产流影响的研究[J].山西水土保持科技,1990 (4).
[69]贾志军,王贵平,李俊义等.土壤含水率对坡耕地产流入渗影响的研究[J].中国水土保持,1987(9): 25-27.
[70]谭新,陈善雄,杨明.降雨条件下土坡饱和~非饱和渗流分析[J].岩土力学,2003,12(4):381-384.
[71]邹焱,陈洪松,苏以荣等.红壤积水入渗及土壤水分再分布规律室内模拟试验研究[J]水土保持学报, 2005.6,19(3):174-177.
[72]孙超图,解建宝,李占斌.掺气喷洒式极小雨强降雨装置试验研究[J].水上保持学报,1994,8(4): 91-95.
[73]刘素媛,韩奇强,聂振刚等.SB-YZCB人下模拟降雨装置特性及应用研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水上保持学报,1998, 4( 2) : 47-49.
[74]贾天会,黄毅,曹忠杰.辽南上石质山区坡耕地水上流失试验研究[J].中国水土保持,2001, (3):23- 24.
[75]刘纪根,雷延武.坡耕地施加PAM对上壤抗蚀冲蚀能力影响试验研究[J],农业工程学报,2002,18(6):59-62.
[76]赵西宁,王万忠,吴发启.不同耕作管理措施对坡耕地降雨入渗的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2004, 32( 2):69-72.
[77]王洁,胡少伟,周跃.人工模拟降雨装置在水土保持方面的应用[J].水土保持研究,2005, 12(4):188-191.
[78] Schilelder A D.Howell T A. Surface runoff due to LEPA and spray irrigation of a slowly Permeable soil [J].Transactlons of ASAE, 2000, 43(5):1089-1095.
[79]姜英,赵忠武.美国利用聚丙烯酞胺提高喷灌入渗率的研究[J].水土保持科技情报,2004, (2):4-5.
[80] Aase J K, Bjorneberg D L. Sojda R E. Sprinkle irrigation runoff and erosion control with polyacrylamide- Laboratory test[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1998, 62:1681-1687.
[81] Bjorneberg D L,Santos FL,Castanheira N S,et al. Using polyacrylamide with Sprinkle irrigation to improve infiltration [J]. Soil and water conservation, 2003, 58(5):283-289.
[82] Zhang X C, Miller W P, Nearing M A,et al. Effects of Surface Treatment on Surface Sealing, Runoff, and Interrill Erosion[J]. Transactions of ASAE,1998,41(4):989-994.
[83]高笑梅,韩家龙,魏颖.喷灌无压入渗条件下土壤入渗能力经验公式研究应用[J].黑龙江水专学报,2003,30(l):35-36.
[84]杨诗秀,雷志栋.均质土壤降雨喷洒入渗模型的数值计算[J].水利学报,1993(5):1-9.
[85] A L Thompson et al. A sprinkle water droplet evaporation and plant canopy model: I Model development [J]. Trans of the ASAE, 1993,36(3):735-741.
[86]胡浩云.喷灌条件下冬小麦田间水分运移数值模拟[J].喷灌技术,1996(l):15-18.
[87]李久生,饶敏杰,张建君.于旱地区喷洒水利用系数的田间试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2002, 18(6):42-45.
[88]陈渠昌,吴忠渤,余国英等.滴灌条件下砂地土壤水分分布与运移规律[J].灌溉排水, 1999, 18(l):28-32.
[89]朱德兰,李昭军,王健等.滴灌条件下土壤水分分布特性研究[J].水土保持研究,2000,7(l):81-84.
[90]汪志荣,王文焰,王全九等.点源入渗土壤水分运动规律实验研究[J].水利学报,2002,(6):39-45.
[91]康跃虎,王凤新,刘上平等.滴灌调控土壤水分对马铃薯生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(2): 66-72.
[92] Mmolawa K, Or D. Water and solute dynamics under a drip irrigated crop: Experiments and analytical model[J]. Transactions of the ASAE, 2000,43(6):1597-1608.
[93]李毅,王文焰,王全九等.非充分供水条件下滴灌入渗的水盐运移特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2003, 17(l): l-4.
[94] Lockington D, parlange J, Surin A. Optimal prediction of saturation and wetting fronts during trickle irrigation[J].Soil Sci Am.J. 1984,48:488-494.
[95] Ben-Asher J, Charach C, Zemel A. Infiltration and water entraction from trickle irrigation sources: The effective hemisphere model [J].Soil Sci Soc. Am.J.1986,50:882-887.
[96]程先军,许迪.地下滴灌土壤水运动和溶质运移的数学模型及验证[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(6): l-4.
[97]张书函,雷廷武,丁跃元等.微孔管渗灌时土壤水分运动的有限元模拟及应用[J].农业工程学报,2002, 18(4): l-5.
[98]赵守珍.非充分供水土壤水分入渗特性的试验研究[D].太原理工大学水利科学与工程学院,2007,20-25.
[99]赵西宁,吴启发.土壤水分入渗研究进展和评述[J].西北林学院学报,2004,19(1):42-45.
[100] Ander C E Son, Shahghase mi E, Johnson H P. Modeling infiltration on crop-land. Including raindrop impact effects [J]. Trans.ASAE, 1982, 24(5):332-340.
[101]汪志荣,王文焰,王全九等.点源入渗土壤水分运动规律实验研究[J].水利学报,2002,33(6):39-45.
[102] Barry D A. Infiltration under ponder conditions: An explicit predictive infiltration [J]. Soil Sci 1995,160 (1).
[103] D Swartzendruber. Derivation of a two-term infilitration equation from the Green-Ampt model [J]. Journal of Hydrology 2000, 236:247-251.
[104]王文焰,汪志农,王全九等.黄土中Green-Ampt入渗模型的改进与验证[J].水利学报,2003,(5): 30-34.
[105]李裕元,邵安明.降雨条件下坡地水分转化特征实验研究[J].水利学报,2004,35(4):48-53.
[106]高鹏,穆兴民,刘普灵等.降雨强度对黄土区不同土地利用类型入渗影响的试验研究[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(3):1-5.
[107]狄丕勋.平原地区降雨产流试验与机理研究[J].水文,2007,27(5),61-65.
[108]王全九,王文焰,吕殿青等.水平一维土壤水分入渗特性分析[J].水利学报,2000,31(6):34-38.
[109]费良军,董玉云,朱兴华.膜孔灌单点源肥液入渗湿润体特性影响因素研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(12) :78-81.
[110]肖娟,雷廷武,李永光.水质及流量对盐碱土滴灌湿润锋运移影响的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(2):88-91.
[111]聂卫波,马孝义,王术礼.沟灌入渗湿润体运移距离预测模型[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(5): 20-25.
[112]陈魁.应用概率统计[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002,366-368.
[113]李雪转,樊贵盛.土壤有机质含量对土壤入渗能力及参数影响的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(3): 188-190.
[114]陈瑶,张科利,罗利芳等.黄土坡耕地弃耕后土壤入渗变化规律及影响因素[J].泥沙研究,2005,(5): 4-50.
[115]袁建平,张素丽,张春燕等.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤稳定入渗速率空间变异[J].土壤学报,2001, 38(4):579-583.
[116] Zhang G S, Chan K Y, Oates A, et al. Relationship betweensoil structure and runoff/soil loss after 24 years ofconservation tillage[J]. Soil Tillage Research, 2006,92(1-2):45-51.
[117] Franzluebbers A J. Water infiltration and soil structure relatedto organic matter and its stratification with depth [J]. Soil Tillage Research, 2002,66(2):197-205.
[118]郑世清,周配华.土壤容重和降雨强度与土壤侵蚀和入渗关系的定量研究[J].西北水土保持研究所集刊.1988, (7):53-56.
[119]赵勇钢,赵世伟,曹丽花等.半干旱典型草原区退耕地土壤结构特征及其对入渗的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(6): 14-20.
[120]傅斌,王玉宽,朱波等.紫色土坡耕地降雨入渗试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):39-43.
[121]黄昌勇.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[122]李卓,吴普特,冯浩等.容重对土壤水分入渗能力影响模拟试验[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(6): 40-45.
[123]樊惠芳.农田水利学[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2003.
[124]费良军,董玉云,朱兴华.膜孔单点源肥入渗湿润特性试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2006, 22(12): 78-81.
[125]刘汗,雷廷武,赵军.土壤初始含水率和降雨强度对黏黄土入渗性能的影响[J].中国水土保持科学, 2009,7(2):1-6.
[126]苏力.时间序列分析预测法在降水预报中的应用[J].青海气象,2006,4:12-14.
[127]刘洪斌,武伟.基于神经网络的土壤水分预测建模研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(5):59-62.
[128]冯宝平,陈守伦.用BP网络预测温度对土壤水分入渗的影响[J].水利学报, 2003(2): 4-8.
[129]樊贵盛.冻融土壤水分入渗规律与冬灌水过程研究[D].中国农业大学资源与环境学院,2001.
[130]曹崇文.利用土壤传输函数确定入渗参数的方法研究[D].太原理工大学水利科学与工程学院,2006,64-70.
[131]刘洪斌等.土壤水分预测神经网络模型与时间序列模型的比较研究[J].农业工程学报, 2003,19(4): 33-36.
[132]董长虹等.Matlab神经网络与应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2007.
[133]李适宇,厉红梅,林亲铁等.深圳市供水量BP神经网络预测[J].给水排水,2004,30(12): 105-108.
[134]吴利华,郑垂勇.神经网络模型对城市人才资源总量的预测[J].科技进步与对策,2004,(8): 100-102.
[135]于飞,李益农.基于BP网络的畦灌性能模拟及其应用评价[J].灌溉排水学报,2007,26(6): 47-50.