中学文言文教学的文化意义及其教改设想
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摘要
21世纪的中华民族文化要想先进不衰,必须在继承传统文化的基础上,不断创新。作为实践民族文化传播的重要途径之一的中学文言文教学,如果再沿袭旧的教学模式,将不会带来民族文化的繁荣。要想发扬民族文化,必须认识到中学文言文教学不单是文章教学,它还应该是文学教学,更应该是文化教学,只有这样,才能实现中学文言文教学的文化意义。
     而要实现中学文言文教学的文化意义,首先要解决的是挖掘中学文言文课文里的文化意义,以便准确的把握中学文言文教学的目标。因此本文通过对不同时期、不同文体、不同作家的文学作品的文化内涵的挖掘和举例分析,找到分析文言文作品内涵的方法。
     第二个要解决的是怎样实现富有文化意味的创造性文言文教学。在这个大问题之下又设计了四个小问题。首先要解决的是分析制约中学文言文改革的因素,并提出改变措施,本环节试图通过以下这五个方面来提高教师的文言文教学改革热情:一是为教师提供继续学习的时间和环境,增强老师的文言文功底;二是组织教师学习大纲、教材,准确把握文言文的教学目标;三是改变考试制度和考试模式,为教学形成正确的导向;四是改变考试评价机制,为教师教学松绑;五是改变社会对中学文言文教学的认识。其次,分析教师应该具备哪些文言文教学素养。第三,解决如何运用创造性的教学法实现文言文教学的文化意义:要完成这个任务,第一步是抓住文言文作为文学作品的情感感染性、审美愉悦性,以及蕴含于文章的现实美来调动学生的学习积极性;第二步,就是如何采用创造性六法培养学生创造性地完成文章阅读,文学阅读,文化阅读,达到创造性地理解传统文化的目的,即用类比联结法建构中学文言文文章阅读的方法;用矛盾法和欣赏性过程法完成对中学文言文的文学阅读;用发散、集中思维法全面地认识作品的主题,用逆向思维法创造性地理解作品,用辩论怯辩明作品中蕴含的人生道理,完成对中学文言文的文化阅读;第三步就是如何创造性地设计练习作业,使学生把在课堂上训练的能力真正转化为自己学习的能力,先分析创造性思维作业的要求和特征,然后把作业分为三种形式进行设计,字词句意义练习的创造性作业设计,背诵练习的创造性作业设计,文章意思的理解分析作业的设计。第四就是根据中学生的年龄层次设计中学文言文的教学层次。
     最后,用富有文化味的创造性文言文教学观评价教学实例,印证本文的教学理论。
The advancement and survival of the 21st century Chinese culture lie in its constant breakthroughs on the basis of tradition. The ancient Chinese language teaching, a vehicle for the transmission of national culture, if a copy of the out-dated teaching model, will never give birth to the flourishing of national culture. If we want the national culture to prosper, we should be aware that middle school ancient Chinese teaching is more than a teaching of text-it is the teaching of literature phis the teaching of culture. Only when we are aware of that, can be realized the cultural significances of ancient Chinese language teaching.
    To realize the cultural significances of ancient Chinese language teaching, the first task is to dig out the cultural significances in the ancient Chinese language texts and then get an accurate grasp of the goal of the teaching. This paper is to attempt at finding methods for the analysis of works written in ancient Chinese language both by giving examples and by exploring into the cultural significances of literature works through all ages, of various types and by different writers.
    The second task is to solve the problem how to carry out the creative ancient Chinese language teaching with cultural colors. This task then branches into three ones. The first one is to make an analysis of the factors with stand in the way of the revolution of middle school ancient Chinese language teaching and to set forth measures for reform. This procedure aims at arousing from five respects teachers' enthusiasm in the revolution. First, to provide time and environment for teachers' further study and help to consolidate their foundation in ancient Chinese language. Second, to organize the teachers both in studying the syllabus and curriculum and in grasping with exactness the aim of teaching. Third, to reform the traditional examination system and model and give a scientific guidance to teaching. Forth, to reform examination evaluation system and free teachers form bondage. Fifth, to change the opinion of society about the teaching of ancient Chinese language in middle school The second one is to make an analysis of the qualities of ancient Chinese language teaching. The third one is to answer the question how to realize the cultural significances of Chinese knguage teaching by employing creative teaching methods To fulfill this
    
    
    
    task, the first step is to activate the students with the sensibility, pleasure and beauty given by tile ancient Chinese language as literature works. The second step is to use creative methods to develop the students in their ability to read text, literature and culture in a creative way and achieve the goal of creative understanding of traditional culture. That is to say, to construct the method of text reading by way of association, to fulfill literature reading with the method of contradiction and appreciation, and to get a full knowledge of the text by using the method of 'diffuse' and the method of 'concentrate', to understand the works by regressive thinking and to know the truth of life buried in the woks and finally finish the reading of culture. The third step is to devise exercises in creative way in order to help the students in converting book knowledge into practical ability-in detail, to analyze the requirements and characteristics of creative exercises, then to devise exercises of three types: exercises on ktters, words and sentences, exercises on recite and exercises on the comprehension of the text as a whole. The forth step is to devise teaching strata according to the ages of middle school students.
    The kst task is to evaluate the specific teaching cases with concept of creative Chinese language teaching with cultural
    colors and then gjve support for the teaching theories set forth in this paper.
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