农村改革对高速经济增长的贡献
摘要
自农村实行家庭联产承包制,一举解决了农业生产缺乏激励的问题之后,在40年改革开放时期,农村改革乃至整体经济改革始终围绕着赋予农民对生产要素的配置权利进行,使农村劳动力得以不断退出生产率低的生产活动,日益充分地在地区之间、城乡之间、产业之间流动,并依次进入生产率更高的生产活动。这个过程表现为经济发展过程中农业产值和就业份额的下降,背后的逻辑则是资源的重新配置,导致整体劳动生产率的提高和中国经济高速增长,并因城乡就业更加充分带来全体居民对改革发展成果的分享。中国以农村改革为历史起点和逻辑主线的这一改革发展分享历程,完整检验了发展经济学的诸多理论预期,堪称二元经济发展的经典案例。按照相同的逻辑,以解决"三农"相关问题进而变成中国经济可持续增长为导向的进一步改革,应该继续围绕消除妨碍资源有效配置的体制障碍进行。
The household contract system in rural areas solved the problem of lack of incentives for agricultural production.In the 40 years of reform and opening-up,rural reform and even the overall economic reform have been carried out around giving farmers the right to allocate production factors,enabling rural labor to withdraw from low-productivity production activities and entered into higher productivity production activities.This process is manifested in the decline of agricultural output value and employment share in the process of economic development.The logic behind this process is the redistribution of resources,which leads to the improvement of overall labor productivity and the rapid growth of China's economy,as well as the full sharing of the achievements of reform and development by all residents due to full employment.The process of reform,development and sharing in China,which takes rural reform as its historical starting point and logical mainline,has completely tested many theoretical expectations of development economics,and can be regarded as a classic case of dual economic development.According to the same logic,further reforms oriented to the solution of the problems related to agriculture,countryside and farmers,and then the sustainable economic growth in China,should continue to focus on removing the institutional obstacles hindering the effective allocation of resources.
The household contract system in rural areas solved the problem of lack of incentives for agricultural production.In the 40 years of reform and opening-up,rural reform and even the overall economic reform have been carried out around giving farmers the right to allocate production factors,enabling rural labor to withdraw from low-productivity production activities and entered into higher productivity production activities.This process is manifested in the decline of agricultural output value and employment share in the process of economic development.The logic behind this process is the redistribution of resources,which leads to the improvement of overall labor productivity and the rapid growth of China's economy,as well as the full sharing of the achievements of reform and development by all residents due to full employment.The process of reform,development and sharing in China,which takes rural reform as its historical starting point and logical mainline,has completely tested many theoretical expectations of development economics,and can be regarded as a classic case of dual economic development.According to the same logic,further reforms oriented to the solution of the problems related to agriculture,countryside and farmers,and then the sustainable economic growth in China,should continue to focus on removing the institutional obstacles hindering the effective allocation of resources.
引文
①蔡昉:《历史瞬间和特征化事实——中国特色城市化道路及其新内涵》,《国际经济评论》,2018年第4期。
(1)Chang,Pei-kang (1949),Agriculture and Industrialization:The Adjustments That Take Place As An Agricultural Country Is Industrialized,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press.
(2)Johnston,Bruce F.and John W.Mellor (1961),“The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development”,The American Economic Review,Vol.51,No.4,pp.566-593.
(3)蔡昉:《民生经济学——“三农”与就业问题的解析》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005年版,第78页。
(4)Huang,Jikun,Keijiro Otsuka,and Scott Rozelle(2004),“The Role of Agriculture in China’s Development”,Presented at the Workshop “China’s Economic Transition:Origins,Mechanisms,and Consequences”,Nov.5-7,Pittsburgh.
(5)谭永忠,何巨,岳文泽,张亮,王庆日:《全国第二次土地调查前后中国耕地面积变化的空间格局》,《自然资源学报》,2017年第2期。
(6)Aoki,Masahiko (2012),The Five Phases of Economic Development and Institutional Evolution in China,Japan,and Korea,in Aoki,Masahiko,Timur Kuran,and Gérard Roland (eds.), Institutions and Comparative Economic Development,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,pp.13-47.
(7)Cai,Fang(2016),China’s Economic Growth Prospects:From Demographic Dividend To Reform Dividend,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar.
(8)Lin,Justin Yifu (1992),“Rural Reforms and Agricultural Growth in China”,The American Economic Review,Vol.82,No.1,pp.34-51.
(9)McMillan,John,John Whalley,and Lijing Zhu (1989),“The Impact of China’s Economic Reforms on Agricultural Productivity Growth”,Journal of Political Economy,vol.97(4),pp.781-807.
(10)国务院新闻办公室(2016)《农村土地〈“三权分置”意见〉政策解读》,国务院新闻办公室网站:http://www.scio.gov.cn/34473/34515/Document/1515220/1515220.htm,下载时间:2018年8月2日。
(11)国家统计局(1999)《新中国50年系列分析报告之六——乡镇企业异军突起》,国家统计局网站:http://www.stats.gov.cn/ztjc/ztfx/xzg50nxlfxbg/200206/t20020605_35964.html,浏览时间:2018年7月25日。
(12)蔡昉:《民生经济学——“三农”与就业问题的解析》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005年版,第108页。
(13)蔡昉:《中国经济改革效应分析——劳动力重新配置的视角》,《经济研究》,2017年第7期。
(14)蔡昉:《历史瞬间和特征化事实——中国特色城市化道路及其新内涵》,《国际经济评论》,2018年第4期。
(1)Chang,Pei-kang (1949),Agriculture and Industrialization:The Adjustments That Take Place As An Agricultural Country Is Industrialized,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press.
(2)Johnston,Bruce F.and John W.Mellor (1961),“The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development”,The American Economic Review,Vol.51,No.4,pp.566-593.
(3)蔡昉:《民生经济学——“三农”与就业问题的解析》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005年版,第78页。
(4)Huang,Jikun,Keijiro Otsuka,and Scott Rozelle(2004),“The Role of Agriculture in China’s Development”,Presented at the Workshop “China’s Economic Transition:Origins,Mechanisms,and Consequences”,Nov.5-7,Pittsburgh.
(5)谭永忠,何巨,岳文泽,张亮,王庆日:《全国第二次土地调查前后中国耕地面积变化的空间格局》,《自然资源学报》,2017年第2期。
(6)Aoki,Masahiko (2012),The Five Phases of Economic Development and Institutional Evolution in China,Japan,and Korea,in Aoki,Masahiko,Timur Kuran,and Gérard Roland (eds.), Institutions and Comparative Economic Development,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,pp.13-47.
(7)Cai,Fang(2016),China’s Economic Growth Prospects:From Demographic Dividend To Reform Dividend,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar.
(8)Lin,Justin Yifu (1992),“Rural Reforms and Agricultural Growth in China”,The American Economic Review,Vol.82,No.1,pp.34-51.
(9)McMillan,John,John Whalley,and Lijing Zhu (1989),“The Impact of China’s Economic Reforms on Agricultural Productivity Growth”,Journal of Political Economy,vol.97(4),pp.781-807.
(10)国务院新闻办公室(2016)《农村土地〈“三权分置”意见〉政策解读》,国务院新闻办公室网站:http://www.scio.gov.cn/34473/34515/Document/1515220/1515220.htm,下载时间:2018年8月2日。
(11)国家统计局(1999)《新中国50年系列分析报告之六——乡镇企业异军突起》,国家统计局网站:http://www.stats.gov.cn/ztjc/ztfx/xzg50nxlfxbg/200206/t20020605_35964.html,浏览时间:2018年7月25日。
(12)蔡昉:《民生经济学——“三农”与就业问题的解析》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005年版,第108页。
(13)蔡昉:《中国经济改革效应分析——劳动力重新配置的视角》,《经济研究》,2017年第7期。
(14)蔡昉:《历史瞬间和特征化事实——中国特色城市化道路及其新内涵》,《国际经济评论》,2018年第4期。