区域土壤重金属空间分布驱动因子影响力比较案例分析
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摘要
土壤重金属空间分布受到自然和人为驱动因子的共同影响,识别并评价各驱动因子对土壤重金属空间分布的影响力,对解析区域土壤重金属污染源、研究重金属迁移规律以及探明重金属空间分布模式具有重要意义.为研究不同自然和人类活动背景下各驱动因子对土壤重金属空间分布影响的差异性,并寻找在异质背景下的高影响力因子,采用地理探测器和随机森林模型,以贵州省安顺市作为土壤重金属高背景值典型地区、辽宁省葫芦岛市作为人类活动高强度典型地区,探讨市域尺度下土壤pH、地面累年值年值气温、坡度、海拔、地面累年值年值降水量(08:00)、夜间灯光指数和县GDP这7个驱动因子的空间分异性,及其对研究区内5种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb)空间分布的单独及交互驱动力强度.结果表明:安顺市As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb这5种重金属的质量分数平均值均高于葫芦岛市,但w(Hg)差异不明显;在市域内采样点平均间距为10 km的尺度下,安顺市和葫芦岛市土壤重金属分布受到自然因子的影响程度均强于人为因子;在异质环境背景下,安顺市和葫芦岛市土壤pH、海拔和县GDP的驱动能力较稳定,并且是对土壤重金属分布影响能力最大的3个因子,适宜在上述地区作为土壤重金属含量多元非线性回归模型的通用参数.研究显示,基于地理探测器的因子驱动力评价方法可以应用于评价其他因子对土壤重金属含量空间分布影响力,以及用于土壤重金属含量回归方程自变量的选择.
The spatial distribution of soil heavy metals is influenced by natural and human driving factors. Identifying and evaluating the influence of these factors is of great significance for identifying the sources,migration and spatial distribution patterns of heavy metals in soil. To research the effects of various driving factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metal in soil under different background of natural and human activities,and to find the high-impact factors under heterogeneous backgrounds,Anshun City and Huludao City,which are respectively characterized with high background value of heavy metals and high intensity of human activity,were chosen as the study area. The driving factors including pH,annual ground temperature,annual ground precipitation (08: 00),elevation,slope,night-time light index and GDP were taken into account. Methods including geodetector and random forests were adopted to analyze the individual and interactive effects of the driving factors on the spatial distribution of As,Cd,Cr,Hg and Pb in the typical regions. Results showed that the mean concentration of each heavy metal in Anshun City was higher than Huludao City,but the distinction of Pb concentration was not significant. In the average sampling density of 10 km,the influence of natural driving factors was stronger than human factors in the typical regions. Soil pH,elevation and GDP were the strongest driving factors that greatly affected the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil among the referred 7 factors. Meanwhile,they were relatively stable in the heterogeneous backgrounds,and were suitable to be used as the general parameters in the multiple nonlinear regression model for calculating heavy metal concentrations in soils in the study area. The evaluation method which based on geodetector can be used to evaluate the influence of other factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in soil. Moreover,it is useful to select the independent variables in the regression equations to predict heavy metal concentrations.
The spatial distribution of soil heavy metals is influenced by natural and human driving factors. Identifying and evaluating the influence of these factors is of great significance for identifying the sources,migration and spatial distribution patterns of heavy metals in soil. To research the effects of various driving factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metal in soil under different background of natural and human activities,and to find the high-impact factors under heterogeneous backgrounds,Anshun City and Huludao City,which are respectively characterized with high background value of heavy metals and high intensity of human activity,were chosen as the study area. The driving factors including pH,annual ground temperature,annual ground precipitation (08: 00),elevation,slope,night-time light index and GDP were taken into account. Methods including geodetector and random forests were adopted to analyze the individual and interactive effects of the driving factors on the spatial distribution of As,Cd,Cr,Hg and Pb in the typical regions. Results showed that the mean concentration of each heavy metal in Anshun City was higher than Huludao City,but the distinction of Pb concentration was not significant. In the average sampling density of 10 km,the influence of natural driving factors was stronger than human factors in the typical regions. Soil pH,elevation and GDP were the strongest driving factors that greatly affected the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil among the referred 7 factors. Meanwhile,they were relatively stable in the heterogeneous backgrounds,and were suitable to be used as the general parameters in the multiple nonlinear regression model for calculating heavy metal concentrations in soils in the study area. The evaluation method which based on geodetector can be used to evaluate the influence of other factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in soil. Moreover,it is useful to select the independent variables in the regression equations to predict heavy metal concentrations.
引文
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[3]李湘凌,张颖慧,杨善谋,等.合肥义城地区土壤重金属污染评价中典型插值方法的对比[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2011,41(1):222-227.LI Xiangling,ZHANG Yinghui,YANG Shanmou,et al.Comparison of typical interpolation methods for pollution evaluation of soil heavy metals in Yicheng District,Hefei[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2011,41(1):222-227.
[4]袁峰,白晓宇,周涛发,等.元素空间分布插值方法的对比研究:以铜陵地区土壤中的重金属元素为例[J].地学前缘,2008(5):103-109.YUAN Feng,BAI Xiaoyu,ZHOU Taofa,et al.Comparison between methods for interpolation of studying spatial distribution of elements:a case study of soil heavy metals in Tongling area,South China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2008(5):103-109.
[5]谢云峰,陈同斌,雷梅,等.空间插值模型对土壤Cd污染评价结果的影响[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(4):847-854.XIE Yunfeng,CHEN Tongbin,LEI Mei,et al.Impact of spatial interpolation methods on the estimation of regional soil Cd[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(4):847-854.
[6]HENGL T,HEUVELINK G B M,STEIN A.A generic framework for spatial prediction of soil variables based on Regression-Kriging[J].Geoderma,2004,120(1):75-93.
[7]庞夙,李廷轩,王永东,等.县域农田土壤铜含量的协同克里格插值及采样数量优化[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2828-2836.PANG Su,LI Tingxuan,WANG Yongdong,et al.Spatial interpolation and sampling numbers of the concentration of copper in cropland soil on county scale using cokriging[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(8):2828-2836.
[8]姜勇,李琪,张晓珂,等.利用辅助变量对污染土壤锌分布的克里格估值[J].应用生态学报,2006(1):97-101.JIANG Yong,LI Qi,ZHANG Xiaokei,et al.Kriging prediction of soil zinc in contaminated field by using an auxillary variable[J].Chnese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006(1):97-101.
[9]HENGL T,HEUVELINK G B M,ROSSITER D G.About regression-kriging:from equations to case studies[J].Computers&Geosciences,2007,33(10):1301-1315.
[10]MANTA D S,ANGELONE M,BELLANCA A,et al.Heavy metals in urban soils:a case study from the City of Palermo(Sicily),Italy[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,300(123):229-243.
[11]FACCHINELLI A,SACCHI E,MALLEN L.Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils[J].Environmental Pollution,2001,114(3):313-324.
[12]SUN C,LIU J,WANG Y,et al.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in agricultural soil in Dehui,northeast China[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(5):517-523.
[13]国家环境保护局,中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[14]WONG S C,LI X D,ZHANG G,et al.Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl River Delta,South China[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,119(1):33-44.
[15]朱求安,江洪,宋晓东.基于空间插值方法的中国南方酸雨时空分布格局模拟及分析[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(11):1237-1244.ZHU Qiuan,JIANG Hong,SONG Xiaodong.Simulation and analysis of spatial-temporal patterns of acid rain in southern China based on spatial interpolation[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2009,22(11):1237-1244.
[16]LINARD A,BROSTAUX Y,COLINET G.Soil contamination near a former Zn-Pb ore-treatment plant:evaluation of deterministic factors and spatial structures at the landscape scale[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,147:107-116.
[17]葫芦岛市地方志工作办公室.葫芦岛市志(综合卷)[M].葫芦岛:海天出版社,2009:538.
[18]李亮亮,依艳丽,王延松,等.葫芦岛市连山区、龙港区土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价[J].土壤通报,2006,37(3):495-499.LI Liangliang,YI Yanli,WANG Yansong,et al.Spatial distribution of soil heavy metals and population evaluation in Lianshan County and Longgang County,Huludao City[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(3):495-499.
[19]李亮亮,王延松,张大庚,等.葫芦岛市土壤铅空间分布及污染评价[J].土壤,2006(4):465-469.LI Liangliang,WANG Yansong,ZHANG Dageng,et al.Spatial distribution of soil Pb and its pollution evaluation of Huludao City[J].Soils,2006(4):465-469.
[20]LU C A,ZHANG J F,JIANG H M,et al.Assessment of soil contamination with Cd,Pb and Zn and source identification in the area around the Huludao Zinc Plant[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,182(123):743-748.
[21]郑娜,王起超,刘景双,等.葫芦岛市土壤、蔬菜重金属污染空间变化规律[J].环境科学,2009,30(7):2071-2076.ZHENG Na,WANG Qichao,LIU Jingshuang,et al.Spatial variation of heavy metals contamination in the soil and vegetables of Huludao City[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(7):2071-2076.
[22]张玉涛,程劲松,李琳,等.安顺市煤矿区菜园土壤重金属含量及其赋存特征研究[J].蔬菜,2014(7):5-9.
[23]董钧铭,王灵秋,徐林,等.安顺市27种当地种植蔬菜中铅含量分析[J].环境与职业医学,2015(10):960-962.DONG Junming,WANG Lingqiu,XU Lin,et al.Lead concentrations of 27 local grown vegetables in Anshun City[J].Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine,2015(10):960-962.
[24]王志瑞.不同土地利用方式下农村土壤重金属污染研究[J].科技展望,2014(21):266-267.
[25]ELVIDGE C D,IMHOFF M L,BAUGH K E,et al.Night-time lights of the world:1994-1995[J].Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry&Remote Sensing,2001,56(2):81-99.
[26]DOLL C N H,MULLER J,MORLEY J G.Mapping regional economic activity from night-time light satellite imagery[J].Ecological Economics,2006,57(1):75-92.
[27]WANG J F,HU Y.Environmental health risk detection with Geo Detector[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2005,20(10):114-115.
[28]WANG J F,LI X H,CHRISTAKOS G,et al.Geographical detectorsbased health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun Region,China[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2010,24(1):107-127.
[29]王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.WANG Jinfeng,XU Chengdong.Geodetector:principle and prospective[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):116-134.
[30]董玉祥,徐茜,杨忍,等.基于地理探测器的中国陆地热带北界探讨[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):135-147.DONG Yuxiang,XU Qian,YANG Ren,et al.Delineation of the northern border of the tropical zone of China's mainland using Geodetector[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):135-147.
[31]SHRESTHA A,LUO W.Analysis of groundwater nitrate contamination in the central valley:comparison of the geodetector method,principal component analysis and geographically weighted regression[J].ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information,2017,6(10):297.
[32]XU Q,DONG Y,WANG Y,et al.Determinants and identification of the northern boundary of China's tropical zone[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2018,28(1):31-45.
[33]ZHOU C,CHEN J,WANG S.Examining the effects of socioeconomic development on fine particulate matter(PM2.5)in China's cities using spatial regression and the geographical detector technique[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,619620:436-445.
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