福建海坛岛长江澳沙滩自由生活海洋线虫群落研究
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摘要
于2013—2014年间在海坛岛长江澳沙滩采样,对小型底栖动物的类群组成、丰度及分布,自由生活海洋线虫(简称海洋线虫)群落的优势属、摄食类型、年龄结构及性比、物种多样性等方面进行研究。结果表明:小型底栖动物年平均丰度为(810.87±696.75)个/10 cm~2。在鉴定出的16个类群中,海洋线虫的丰度占小型底栖动物总丰度的52.36%,其次为腹毛虫,占21.14%。海洋线虫的年平均丰度为(424.54±400.23)个/10 cm~2,季节变化总趋势为夏季((783.45±336.45)个/10 cm~2)>春季((600.67±309.42)个/10 cm~2)>秋季((298.26±424.57)个/10 cm~2)>冬季((113.05±95.79)个/10 cm~2)。4个季度共鉴定出海洋线虫105种或分类实体,隶属于75个属,26个科。4个季度数量百分比超过5%的优势海洋线虫属有10个,分别是Axonolaimus、Theristus、Metachromadora、Mesacanthion、Rhynchonema、Epacanthion、Microlaimus、Viscosia、Lauratonema和Enoploides,不同季度的优势属存在差异。CLUSTER聚类表明,春、夏、秋季各潮带海洋线虫群落较为相似,与冬季差异较大。海洋线虫4种摄食类型年平均丰度百分比由高到低的顺序是1B (32.19%)> 2A (31.32%)> 2B (31.12%)> 1A (5.37%);春夏季以2A和1B为主导,秋冬季以2B和1B为主导。海洋线虫群落的物种多样性最高值出现在秋季(d=8.45,H′=3.36),最低在冬季(d=7.36,H′=2.92),春季与夏季的多样性相当;周年幼体的数量所占比例为45.47%,成体中雌雄个体比例为1.10∶1。
The main island of Pingtan Comprehensive Pilot Zone, Haitan Island, which is the zone nearest to Taiwan Province, is the fifth largest island in China and the largest island in Fujian Province. With the development and increase in the urbanization of Pingtan, the beach tourism industry has developed rapidly. However, the beach is a simple and sensitive ecosystem, and the development of beach tourism would affect the assemblages and distribution of benthos, which would affect the structure and function of the sandy beach ecosystem. It is necessary to study the biological baseline and establish basic data for the evaluation of the ecosystem in Haitan Island. Meiofauna is one of the most important indicators of marine environmental quality owing to its ecological characteristics, such as high abundance and short life cycle. In order to study the groups, abundance, and distribution of meiofauna, feeding types and species diversity, age structure and sex ratio of marine nematodes, meiofaunal samples were collected from the sandy beach of Changjiangao, Haitan Island in Fujian Province in 2013 and 2014. The results showed that the mean annual abundance of meiofauna was(810.87±696.75) ind/10 cm~2, consisting of 16 meiofaunal assemblages. Nematoda was the most dominant group, accounting for 52.36%, followed by Gastrotricha, which constituted 21.14%. The mean annual abundance of nematodes was(424.54±400.23) ind/10 cm~2, the abundance varied seasonally as follows: summer((783.45±336.45) ind/10 cm~2) > spring((600.67±309.42) ind/10 cm~2) > autumn((298.26±424.57) ind/10 cm~2) > winter((113.05±95.79) ind/10 cm~2). A total of 105 species of nematodes were identified in the four seasons, belonging to 75 genera and 26 families. There were 10 genera of nematodes with dominance greater than 5% in the four seasons—Axonolaimus, Theristus, Metachromadora, Mesacanthion, Rhynchonema, Epacanthion, Microlaimus, Viscosia, Lauratonema, and Enoploides, but the dominant genera varied seasonally. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the nematode communities in spring, summer, and autumn shared greater similarity than those in winter. The percentage of the mean annual abundance of feeding types were 1 B(32.19%) > 2 A(31.32%) > 2 B(31.12%) > 1 A(5.37%), among which 2 A and 1 B were dominant in spring and summer, whereas 2 B and 1 B were dominant in autumn and winter. The number of nematode genera in autumn was the largest, whereas that in winter was the lowest. Nematode diversity was the highest in autumn(d=8.45, H′=3.36) and the lowest in winter(d=7.36,H′=2.92), and the diversity in spring and in summer was similar. The age structure of the nematodes revealed that the proportion of juveniles accounted by 45.47%, and the sex ratio(female?male) was 1.10∶1.
The main island of Pingtan Comprehensive Pilot Zone, Haitan Island, which is the zone nearest to Taiwan Province, is the fifth largest island in China and the largest island in Fujian Province. With the development and increase in the urbanization of Pingtan, the beach tourism industry has developed rapidly. However, the beach is a simple and sensitive ecosystem, and the development of beach tourism would affect the assemblages and distribution of benthos, which would affect the structure and function of the sandy beach ecosystem. It is necessary to study the biological baseline and establish basic data for the evaluation of the ecosystem in Haitan Island. Meiofauna is one of the most important indicators of marine environmental quality owing to its ecological characteristics, such as high abundance and short life cycle. In order to study the groups, abundance, and distribution of meiofauna, feeding types and species diversity, age structure and sex ratio of marine nematodes, meiofaunal samples were collected from the sandy beach of Changjiangao, Haitan Island in Fujian Province in 2013 and 2014. The results showed that the mean annual abundance of meiofauna was(810.87±696.75) ind/10 cm~2, consisting of 16 meiofaunal assemblages. Nematoda was the most dominant group, accounting for 52.36%, followed by Gastrotricha, which constituted 21.14%. The mean annual abundance of nematodes was(424.54±400.23) ind/10 cm~2, the abundance varied seasonally as follows: summer((783.45±336.45) ind/10 cm~2) > spring((600.67±309.42) ind/10 cm~2) > autumn((298.26±424.57) ind/10 cm~2) > winter((113.05±95.79) ind/10 cm~2). A total of 105 species of nematodes were identified in the four seasons, belonging to 75 genera and 26 families. There were 10 genera of nematodes with dominance greater than 5% in the four seasons—Axonolaimus, Theristus, Metachromadora, Mesacanthion, Rhynchonema, Epacanthion, Microlaimus, Viscosia, Lauratonema, and Enoploides, but the dominant genera varied seasonally. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the nematode communities in spring, summer, and autumn shared greater similarity than those in winter. The percentage of the mean annual abundance of feeding types were 1 B(32.19%) > 2 A(31.32%) > 2 B(31.12%) > 1 A(5.37%), among which 2 A and 1 B were dominant in spring and summer, whereas 2 B and 1 B were dominant in autumn and winter. The number of nematode genera in autumn was the largest, whereas that in winter was the lowest. Nematode diversity was the highest in autumn(d=8.45, H′=3.36) and the lowest in winter(d=7.36,H′=2.92), and the diversity in spring and in summer was similar. The age structure of the nematodes revealed that the proportion of juveniles accounted by 45.47%, and the sex ratio(female?male) was 1.10∶1.
引文
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[2] Gheskiere T,Vincx M,Weslawski J M,Scapini F,Degraer S.Meiofauna as descriptor of tourism-induced changes at sandy beaches.Marine Environmental Research,2005,60(2):245- 265.
[3] 杜永芬,高抒,Warwick R M,华尔.海岸带湿地自由生活海洋线虫的生态功能研究进展.科学通报,2014,59(31):3043- 3056.
[4] 张志南.秦皇岛砂滩海洋线虫的数量研究.青岛海洋大学学报,1991,21(1):63- 75.
[5] 张志南,周红,华尔,慕芳红,刘晓收,于子山.中国小型底栖生物研究的40年——进展与展望.海洋与湖沼,2017,48(4):657- 671.
[6] 张婷.厦门典型沙滩小型底栖动物生态学的研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.
[7] 华尔,李佳,董洁,徐风风,张志南.砂质潮间带自由生活海洋线虫对缺氧的响应——微型受控生态系研究.生态学报,2012,32(13):3975- 3986.
[8] Somerfield P J,Warwick R M.Meiofauna in Marine Pollution Monitoring Programmes:A Laboratory Manual.Lowestoft,UK:Directorate of Fisheries Research,1996:9- 16.
[9] Wieser W.Die Beziehung zwischen Mundh?hlengestalt,Ern?hrungsweise und Vorkommen bei freilebenden marinen Nematoden:eine ?kologisch-morphologische Studie.Arkiv f?r Zoologi,1953,4:439- 484.
[10] Wieser W.Benthic studies in Buzzards Bay.Ⅱ.The meiofauna.Limnology and Oceanography,1960,5(2):121- 137.
[11] Chen Y Z,Guo Y Q.Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda:Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea.Journal of Natural History,2015,49(29/30):1777- 1788.
[12] 韦晓慧,慕芳红,杨世超,王玉堃.青岛薛家岛砂质潮间带小型底栖生物丰度和生物量.中国海洋大学学报,2013,43(10):60- 66.
[13] 黄德铭,刘晓收,林明仙,陈怀璞,韦连明,黄新,张志南.污水排海对小型底栖生物丰度和生物量的影响.应用生态学报,2014,25(10):3023- 3031.
[14] 范士亮,刘海滨,张志南,邓可,袁伟.青岛太平湾砂质潮间带小型底栖生物丰度和生物量的研究.中国海洋大学学报,2006,36(S1):98- 104.
[15] 李佳,华尔,张志南.青岛砂质潮间带小型底栖动物分布及季节动态.应用生态学报,2012,23(12):3458- 3466.
[16] 丛冰清.舟山砂质潮间带小型底栖生物空间分布及季节动态[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.
[17] 许书会,周红,华尔,雷莹,张凯,孙昕雨.夏冬两季舟山砂质潮间带小型底栖生物的分布特征及影响因素.中国海洋大学学报,2013,43(8):60- 68.
[18] Harris R P.The distribution and ecology of the interstitial meiofauna of a sandy beach at Whitsand Bay,East Cornwall.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1972,52(1):1- 18.
[19] Sharma J,Webster J M.The abundance and distribution of free-living nematodes from two Canadian Pacific beaches.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,1983,16(2):217- 227.
[20] 黄勇.南黄海小型底栖生物生态学和海洋线虫分类学研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2005.
[21] Menn I.Beach morphology and food web structure:comparison of an eroding and an accreting sandy shore in the North Sea.Helgoland Marine Research,2002,56(3):177- 189.
[22] Riera R,Núňez J,Brito M D C,Tuya F.Temporal variability of a subtropical intertidal meiofaunal assemblage:contrasting effects at the species and assemblage-level.Vie et Milieu-Life and Environment,2011,61(3):129- 137.
[23] Alongi D M.The ecology of tropical soft-bottom benthic ecosystems.Oceanography and Marine Biology:An Annual Review,1990,28:381- 496.
[24] Boaden P J S,Platt H M.Daily migration patterns in an intertidal meiobenthic community.Thalassia Jugoslavica,1971,7:1- 12.
[25] Nicholas W L.Seasonal variations in nematode assemblages on an Australian temperate ocean beach;the effect of heavy seas and unusually high tides.Hydrobiologia,2001,464(1/3):17- 26.
[26] Hourston M,Warwick R M,Valesini F J,Potter I C.To what extent are the characteristics of nematode assemblages in nearshore sediments on the west Australian coast related to habitat type,season and zone?Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2005,64(4):601- 612.
[27] Tietjen J H.The ecology of shallow water meiofauna in two New England estuaries.Oecologia,1969,2(3):251- 291.
[28] Albuquerque E F,Pinto A P B,de Queiroz Perez A D,Veloso V G.Spatial and temporal changes in interstitial meiofauna on a sandy ocean beach of South America.Brazilian Journal of Oceanography,2007,55(2):121- 131.
[29] Maria T F,Paiva P,Vanreusel A,Esteves A M.The relationship between sandy beach nematodes and environmental characteristics in two Brazilian sandy beaches (Guanabara Bay,Rio de Janeiro).Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências,2013,85(1):257- 270.
[30] Blome D,Faubel A,Schleier U.Investigations on eulittoral meiobenthos of exposed sandy beaches of eastern Australia:-including catalogues of free living marine nematode,gastrotrich,and turbellarian genera.[2018-01- 17].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254674298.
[31] Moreno M,Ferrero T J,Gallizia I,Vezzulli L,Albertelli G,Fabiano M.An assessment of the spatial heterogeneity of environmental disturbance within an enclosed harbour through the analysis of meiofauna and nematode assemblages.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2008,77(4):565- 576.
[32] Moens T,Vincx M.Observations on the feeding ecology of estuarine nematodes.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1997,77(1):211- 227.
[33] Schratzberger M,Warr K,Rogers S I.Functional diversity of nematode communities in the southwestern North Sea.Marine Environmental Research,2007,63(4):368- 389.
[34] Lambshead P J D.Sub-catastrophic sewage and industrial waste contamination as revealed by marine nematode faunal analysis.Marine Ecology Progress Series,1986,29:247- 259.
[35] Tahseen Q.Nematodes in aquatic environments:adaptations and survival strategies.Biodiversity Journal,2012,3(1):13- 40.
[36] 郭玉清,张志南,慕芳红.不同采样时期渤海自由生活海洋线虫种类组成的比较.生态学报,2002,22(10):1622- 1628.
[37] dos Santos G A P,Derycke S,Fonsêca-Genevois V G,Coelho L C B B,Correia M T S,Moens T.Differential effects of food availability on population growth and fitness of three species of estuarine,bacterial-feeding nematodes.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2008,355(1):27- 40.
[38] Warwick R M,Buchanan J B.The meiofauna off the coast of Northumberland.II.Seasonal stability of the nematode population.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1971,51(2):355- 362.
[39] Lorenzen S.Die Nematodenfauna der sublitoralen Region der Deutschen Bucht,insbesondere im Titan-abwassergebiet bei Helgoland.Ver?ffentlichungen des Instituts für Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven,1974,14:305- 327.
[40] Bongers T,Alkemade R,Yeates G W.Interpretation of disturbance-induced maturity decrease in marine nematode assemblages by means of the maturity index.Marine Ecology Progress Series,1991,76:135- 142.
[2] Gheskiere T,Vincx M,Weslawski J M,Scapini F,Degraer S.Meiofauna as descriptor of tourism-induced changes at sandy beaches.Marine Environmental Research,2005,60(2):245- 265.
[3] 杜永芬,高抒,Warwick R M,华尔.海岸带湿地自由生活海洋线虫的生态功能研究进展.科学通报,2014,59(31):3043- 3056.
[4] 张志南.秦皇岛砂滩海洋线虫的数量研究.青岛海洋大学学报,1991,21(1):63- 75.
[5] 张志南,周红,华尔,慕芳红,刘晓收,于子山.中国小型底栖生物研究的40年——进展与展望.海洋与湖沼,2017,48(4):657- 671.
[6] 张婷.厦门典型沙滩小型底栖动物生态学的研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.
[7] 华尔,李佳,董洁,徐风风,张志南.砂质潮间带自由生活海洋线虫对缺氧的响应——微型受控生态系研究.生态学报,2012,32(13):3975- 3986.
[8] Somerfield P J,Warwick R M.Meiofauna in Marine Pollution Monitoring Programmes:A Laboratory Manual.Lowestoft,UK:Directorate of Fisheries Research,1996:9- 16.
[9] Wieser W.Die Beziehung zwischen Mundh?hlengestalt,Ern?hrungsweise und Vorkommen bei freilebenden marinen Nematoden:eine ?kologisch-morphologische Studie.Arkiv f?r Zoologi,1953,4:439- 484.
[10] Wieser W.Benthic studies in Buzzards Bay.Ⅱ.The meiofauna.Limnology and Oceanography,1960,5(2):121- 137.
[11] Chen Y Z,Guo Y Q.Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda:Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea.Journal of Natural History,2015,49(29/30):1777- 1788.
[12] 韦晓慧,慕芳红,杨世超,王玉堃.青岛薛家岛砂质潮间带小型底栖生物丰度和生物量.中国海洋大学学报,2013,43(10):60- 66.
[13] 黄德铭,刘晓收,林明仙,陈怀璞,韦连明,黄新,张志南.污水排海对小型底栖生物丰度和生物量的影响.应用生态学报,2014,25(10):3023- 3031.
[14] 范士亮,刘海滨,张志南,邓可,袁伟.青岛太平湾砂质潮间带小型底栖生物丰度和生物量的研究.中国海洋大学学报,2006,36(S1):98- 104.
[15] 李佳,华尔,张志南.青岛砂质潮间带小型底栖动物分布及季节动态.应用生态学报,2012,23(12):3458- 3466.
[16] 丛冰清.舟山砂质潮间带小型底栖生物空间分布及季节动态[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.
[17] 许书会,周红,华尔,雷莹,张凯,孙昕雨.夏冬两季舟山砂质潮间带小型底栖生物的分布特征及影响因素.中国海洋大学学报,2013,43(8):60- 68.
[18] Harris R P.The distribution and ecology of the interstitial meiofauna of a sandy beach at Whitsand Bay,East Cornwall.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1972,52(1):1- 18.
[19] Sharma J,Webster J M.The abundance and distribution of free-living nematodes from two Canadian Pacific beaches.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,1983,16(2):217- 227.
[20] 黄勇.南黄海小型底栖生物生态学和海洋线虫分类学研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2005.
[21] Menn I.Beach morphology and food web structure:comparison of an eroding and an accreting sandy shore in the North Sea.Helgoland Marine Research,2002,56(3):177- 189.
[22] Riera R,Núňez J,Brito M D C,Tuya F.Temporal variability of a subtropical intertidal meiofaunal assemblage:contrasting effects at the species and assemblage-level.Vie et Milieu-Life and Environment,2011,61(3):129- 137.
[23] Alongi D M.The ecology of tropical soft-bottom benthic ecosystems.Oceanography and Marine Biology:An Annual Review,1990,28:381- 496.
[24] Boaden P J S,Platt H M.Daily migration patterns in an intertidal meiobenthic community.Thalassia Jugoslavica,1971,7:1- 12.
[25] Nicholas W L.Seasonal variations in nematode assemblages on an Australian temperate ocean beach;the effect of heavy seas and unusually high tides.Hydrobiologia,2001,464(1/3):17- 26.
[26] Hourston M,Warwick R M,Valesini F J,Potter I C.To what extent are the characteristics of nematode assemblages in nearshore sediments on the west Australian coast related to habitat type,season and zone?Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2005,64(4):601- 612.
[27] Tietjen J H.The ecology of shallow water meiofauna in two New England estuaries.Oecologia,1969,2(3):251- 291.
[28] Albuquerque E F,Pinto A P B,de Queiroz Perez A D,Veloso V G.Spatial and temporal changes in interstitial meiofauna on a sandy ocean beach of South America.Brazilian Journal of Oceanography,2007,55(2):121- 131.
[29] Maria T F,Paiva P,Vanreusel A,Esteves A M.The relationship between sandy beach nematodes and environmental characteristics in two Brazilian sandy beaches (Guanabara Bay,Rio de Janeiro).Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências,2013,85(1):257- 270.
[30] Blome D,Faubel A,Schleier U.Investigations on eulittoral meiobenthos of exposed sandy beaches of eastern Australia:-including catalogues of free living marine nematode,gastrotrich,and turbellarian genera.[2018-01- 17].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254674298.
[31] Moreno M,Ferrero T J,Gallizia I,Vezzulli L,Albertelli G,Fabiano M.An assessment of the spatial heterogeneity of environmental disturbance within an enclosed harbour through the analysis of meiofauna and nematode assemblages.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2008,77(4):565- 576.
[32] Moens T,Vincx M.Observations on the feeding ecology of estuarine nematodes.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1997,77(1):211- 227.
[33] Schratzberger M,Warr K,Rogers S I.Functional diversity of nematode communities in the southwestern North Sea.Marine Environmental Research,2007,63(4):368- 389.
[34] Lambshead P J D.Sub-catastrophic sewage and industrial waste contamination as revealed by marine nematode faunal analysis.Marine Ecology Progress Series,1986,29:247- 259.
[35] Tahseen Q.Nematodes in aquatic environments:adaptations and survival strategies.Biodiversity Journal,2012,3(1):13- 40.
[36] 郭玉清,张志南,慕芳红.不同采样时期渤海自由生活海洋线虫种类组成的比较.生态学报,2002,22(10):1622- 1628.
[37] dos Santos G A P,Derycke S,Fonsêca-Genevois V G,Coelho L C B B,Correia M T S,Moens T.Differential effects of food availability on population growth and fitness of three species of estuarine,bacterial-feeding nematodes.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2008,355(1):27- 40.
[38] Warwick R M,Buchanan J B.The meiofauna off the coast of Northumberland.II.Seasonal stability of the nematode population.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1971,51(2):355- 362.
[39] Lorenzen S.Die Nematodenfauna der sublitoralen Region der Deutschen Bucht,insbesondere im Titan-abwassergebiet bei Helgoland.Ver?ffentlichungen des Instituts für Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven,1974,14:305- 327.
[40] Bongers T,Alkemade R,Yeates G W.Interpretation of disturbance-induced maturity decrease in marine nematode assemblages by means of the maturity index.Marine Ecology Progress Series,1991,76:135- 142.