由重土地资源开发到开发与保护并重——近代美国土地政策演变的考察
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摘要
美国建国后至19世纪70年代前的土地政策,是单一的以土地资源为基础的农业开发为导向,目的是解决财政收入、鼓励移民西迁、促进农业开发,进而促进美国经济发展,这一阶段对土地的利用基本上是只开发不保护。这种土地政策一方面促进了美国西部土地的迅速开发和经济的快速发展,但另一方面也带来了一系列生态问题,严重影响了美国经济的进一步发展。经过近百年发展,19世纪70年代至20世纪初,美国土地政策日臻完善,逐步走上了开发与保护并重的道路。
The land policy from the founding of the United States to the 1970 s focused on agricultural development centering merely on land resources in order to sustain fiscal revenue,encourage immigration to the west,and promote agricultural and economic development. At this stage the land is utilized via development instead of protection,and this land policy has pushed forward the rapid land and economic development in the western United States at the high cost of ecological problems which have seriously affected the further development of the US economy. After a hundred years of efforts,from the 1970 s to the beginning of the 20th century,the US land policy was improved day by day,and gradually embarked on the road of equal emphasis on development and protection.
The land policy from the founding of the United States to the 1970 s focused on agricultural development centering merely on land resources in order to sustain fiscal revenue,encourage immigration to the west,and promote agricultural and economic development. At this stage the land is utilized via development instead of protection,and this land policy has pushed forward the rapid land and economic development in the western United States at the high cost of ecological problems which have seriously affected the further development of the US economy. After a hundred years of efforts,from the 1970 s to the beginning of the 20th century,the US land policy was improved day by day,and gradually embarked on the road of equal emphasis on development and protection.
引文
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[2][美]J·布鲁姆,等.美国的历程(上)[M].北京:商务印书馆,1988.
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[10]Passell Peter.The Economics of Nineteenth Century American Land Policy[M].New York:Arno Press,1975.
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[19]王春法.论美国西部开发模式[J].美国研究,1990,(4).
[20]黄安年.美国社会经济史论[M].太原:山西教育出版社,1993.
[21]顾学稼.自然资源保护与西奥多罗斯福[J].美国研究,1987,(1).
[22]Gordon G. Whitney. From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain:a History of Environmental Change in Temperate North America,1500 to the Present.New York:Cambridge university press,1994.
[23][美]塞缪尔·埃利奥特·莫里森.美利坚共和国的成长(下)[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1991.
[24][美]德怀特·L·杜蒙德.现代美国[M].北京:商务印书馆,1984.
[25]刘绪贻.美国内战和镀金年代——1861-19 世纪末[M].北京:人民出版社,1994.
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[28]Michael Williams.Americans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University,1990.
[29] Daniel G. Payne.Voices in the Wilderness: American Nature Writing and Environmental Politics[M].Hanover and London: University of New England,1996.
[30]Ted Steinberg,Down to Earth: Nature's Role in American History[M].New York: Oxford University,2002.
[31]Tim Flannery.The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples[M].London: Vintage,2002.
[32][美]福克讷.美国经济史(下)[M].北京:商务印书馆,1989.
[33]李剑鸣.伟大的历险[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1994.
[34]王建华.美国历届总统执政和告别演说精选[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,1998.
[2][美]J·布鲁姆,等.美国的历程(上)[M].北京:商务印书馆,1988.
[3][美]塞缪尔·埃利奥特·莫里森,等.美利坚共和国的成长(上)[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1980.
[4][美]乔森纳·休斯.美国经济史(第七版)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011.
[5]Jonathan R.T. Hughes. American Economic History[M].Scott,Foresman and Company, 1983.
[6][美]斯坦利·L·恩格尔曼,等.剑桥美国经济史(第二卷)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008.
[7][美]吉尔伯特·C·菲特,等.美国经济史[M].沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1981.
[8] Everett Dick.The Lure of the Land: A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal[M].Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,1970.
[9]RM Robbins.Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain 1776-1970(2nd ed)[M].Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,1976.
[10]Passell Peter.The Economics of Nineteenth Century American Land Policy[M].New York:Arno Press,1975.
[11][美]J·艾捷尔.美国赖以立国的文本[M].海口:海南出版社,2000.
[12]Ray Allen Billington.Westward Expansion:A History of the American Frontier[M].New York:Macmillan Publishing Co.,Inc.1960.
[13]Frederick Merk.History of the Westward Movement[M]. New York:Alfred A. Knopf,1980.
[14]王旭.美国西部开发与联邦政府的土地政策[J].史学集刊,2003,(1).
[15]George Rogers Taylor.The Transportation Revolution,1815-1860[A]. Economic History of the United States, Vol 4[C].New York,1951.
[16]Irwin Unger ed.These United States:The Questions of Our Past(Trd.Ed.Vol 1)[M].Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall,1986.
[17][美]杰拉尔德·冈德森.美国经济史新编[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994.
[18]J.M.Blum. The National Experience A History of the United States[M]. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1981.
[19]王春法.论美国西部开发模式[J].美国研究,1990,(4).
[20]黄安年.美国社会经济史论[M].太原:山西教育出版社,1993.
[21]顾学稼.自然资源保护与西奥多罗斯福[J].美国研究,1987,(1).
[22]Gordon G. Whitney. From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain:a History of Environmental Change in Temperate North America,1500 to the Present.New York:Cambridge university press,1994.
[23][美]塞缪尔·埃利奥特·莫里森.美利坚共和国的成长(下)[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1991.
[24][美]德怀特·L·杜蒙德.现代美国[M].北京:商务印书馆,1984.
[25]刘绪贻.美国内战和镀金年代——1861-19 世纪末[M].北京:人民出版社,1994.
[26]Massachusetts Historical Society.Collections of Massachusetts Historical Society(Vol. I)[C].Boston: Printed by John Eliot,1814.
[27] C. F. Volney.View of the Climate and Soil of the United States of America[M].London: J. Johnson,1804.
[28]Michael Williams.Americans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University,1990.
[29] Daniel G. Payne.Voices in the Wilderness: American Nature Writing and Environmental Politics[M].Hanover and London: University of New England,1996.
[30]Ted Steinberg,Down to Earth: Nature's Role in American History[M].New York: Oxford University,2002.
[31]Tim Flannery.The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples[M].London: Vintage,2002.
[32][美]福克讷.美国经济史(下)[M].北京:商务印书馆,1989.
[33]李剑鸣.伟大的历险[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1994.
[34]王建华.美国历届总统执政和告别演说精选[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,1998.