南海岛礁附近悬浮泥沙时空分布的遥感研究
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摘要
岛礁附近海域的悬浮泥沙分布时空变化对研究岛礁生态环境有重要影响。基于30 m高分辨率的Landsat 8陆地成像仪影像,利用经验算法反演南海岛礁附近水体悬浮泥沙浓度。研究结果显示,南海永暑礁有3个明显的高悬浮泥沙区,位于西南部、东北部和潟湖,环礁美济礁和渚碧礁的高悬浮泥沙区主要位于潟湖内。在时间序列上,悬浮泥沙增加主要出现在岛礁填岛阶段。在空间上,悬浮泥沙较高值分布最远约离岛10 km,基本分布面积在25 km~2以内。高悬浮泥沙分布区的方位也与同期海域的物理环境,特别是风场和流场的方位相关。岛礁建设活动与海域物理条件在短期内对附近海域悬浮泥沙分布造成明显影响,填岛工程完成约14 d后,悬浮泥沙基本恢复至原有水平。
Spatial-temporal distribution of Suspended Sediment(SS) in the waters near the islands and reefs have important effect on the ecological environment of reefs.Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager(OLI) data,with a resolution of 30 m,were applied to retrieve SS concentration using empirical algorithm.Results showed three obvious high SS areas,the southwest part,the northeast part and its lagoon surrounded Yongshu Island;While,in the Meiji and Zhubi Island,high SS areas appeared mostly in the lagoon.Time series data indicated that the SS increased mainly during islands and reefs building period.The farthest range of SS distribution is about 10 km away from the island,and the maximum influenced area is about 25 km~2.At the same time,the directions of SS distribution well matched with directions of wind and current.These islands and reefs building activities and physical situations significantly affected SS distribution in the island environments during a certain period of time,and the SS concentration restored to normal levels after islands and reef buildings finished.
Spatial-temporal distribution of Suspended Sediment(SS) in the waters near the islands and reefs have important effect on the ecological environment of reefs.Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager(OLI) data,with a resolution of 30 m,were applied to retrieve SS concentration using empirical algorithm.Results showed three obvious high SS areas,the southwest part,the northeast part and its lagoon surrounded Yongshu Island;While,in the Meiji and Zhubi Island,high SS areas appeared mostly in the lagoon.Time series data indicated that the SS increased mainly during islands and reefs building period.The farthest range of SS distribution is about 10 km away from the island,and the maximum influenced area is about 25 km~2.At the same time,the directions of SS distribution well matched with directions of wind and current.These islands and reefs building activities and physical situations significantly affected SS distribution in the island environments during a certain period of time,and the SS concentration restored to normal levels after islands and reef buildings finished.
引文
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[21] Zheng Chongwei,Li Chongyin.Development of the Islands and Reefs in the South China Sea:Wind Climate and Wave Climate Analysis[J].Journal of Ocean University of China:Natural Science Edition,2015,46(9):1-6.[郑崇伟,李崇银.中国南海岛礁建设:重点岛礁的风候,波候特征分析[J].中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版,2015,46(9):1-6.]
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[23] Pan Yangli.Remote Sensing Study on Geomorphy and Living Environment of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Sciences University,2010.[潘艳丽.遥感研究南海珊瑚礁地貌及其生长环境[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2010.]
[24] Amante C,Eakins B W.ETOPO1 1 Arc-minute Global Relief Model:Procedures,Data Sources and Analysis[M].NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24.National Geophysical Data Center,NOAA,2009.
[25] Gordon H R,Morel A Y.Remote Assessment of Ocean Color for Inter-pretation of Satellite Visible Imagery[J].Natural Hazards & Earth System Science,1983,4(3):375-387.
[26] Li Jing.A Study on Determination of Concentration of SuspendedSolid in Water by Remote Sensing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae.1986,6(2):166-173.[李京.水域悬浮固体含量的遥感定量研究[J].环境科学学报,1986,6(2):166-173.]
[27] Li Xia.An United Equation for Remote Sensing Quantitative Analysis of Suspended Sediment and its Application at Zhujiang River Estuary[J].Remote Sensing of Environment China,1992,7(2):106-114.[黎夏.悬浮泥沙遥感定量的统一模式及其在珠江口中的应用[J].环境遥感,1992,7(2):106-114.]
[28] Lathrop R G,Lillesand T M and Yandell B S.Testing the Utility of Simple Multi-date Thematic Mapper Calibration Algorithms for Monitoring Turbid Inland Waters[J].Remote Sensing,1991,12(10):2045-2063.
[29] Tassan S.An Improved In-water Algorithm for the Determination of Chlorophyll and Suspended Sediment Concentration from Thematic Mapper Data in Coastal Waters[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1993,14(6):1221-1229.
[30] Doxaran D,Froidefond J M,Castaing P,et al.Dynamics of the Turbidity Maximum Zone in a Macrotidal Estuary(the Gironde,France):Observations from Field and MODIS Satellite Data[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2009,81(3):321-332.
[31] Chen Xiaoling,Yuan Zhongzhi,Li Yuxiang,et al.Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Pearl River Estuary based on Remote Sensing[J].Journal of Wuhan University Information Science Edition,2005,30(8):677-681.[陈晓玲,袁中智,李毓湘,等.基于遥感反演结果的悬浮泥沙时空动态规律研究——以珠江河口及邻近海域为例[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2005,30(8):677-681.]
[32] Lü Junwei,Liu Xiangnan.Geostatistical Analysis on Spatial Variability of Suspended Solids Concentration in the Coast Water of Hong Kong[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(3):734-741.[吕君伟,刘湘南.香港近岸海域悬浮固体浓度空间变异特征的地统计分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(3):734-741.]
[2] Liu Liangming.Introduction to Satellite Ocean Remote Sensing[M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2005.[刘良明.卫星海洋遥感导论[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005.]
[3] Cai L N,Tang D L,Li C Y.An Investigation of Spatial Variation of Suspended Sediment Concentration Induced by a Bay Bridge based on Landsat TM and OLI Data[J].Advances in Space Research,2015,56(2):293-303.
[4] Zhang X F,Tang D L,Li Z Z,et al.The Effects of Wind and Rainfall on Suspended Sediment Concentration Related to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58(9):1367-1373.
[5] Zhang X F,Tang D L,Li Z Z,et al.Spatial-temporal Dynamics of Suspended Sediment Concentration during the 2004 Sumatra Tsunami[J].Indian Journal of Marine Sciences,2010,39(2):313-322.
[6] Novo E M M,Hansom J D,Curran P J.The Effect of Sediment Type on the Relationship between Reflectance and Suspended Sediment concen-tration[J].Remote Sensing,1989,10(7):1283-1289.
[7] Shen F,Zhou Y,Peng X,et al.Satellite Multi-sensor Mapping of Suspended Particulate Matter in Turbid Estuarine and Coastal Ocean,China[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2014,35(11-12):4173-4192.
[8] Nechad B,Ruddick K G,Park Y.Calibration and Validation of a Generic Multi-sensor Algorithm for Mapping of Total Suspended Matter in Turbid Waters[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2010,114(4):854-866.
[9] Zhang Yun,Zhang Ying,Wang Jingjing.Analysis on the Remote Sensing Model of Suspended Sediment Concentration[J].Marine Sciences,2008,32(5):32-29.[张芸,张鹰,王晶晶.悬浮泥沙浓度遥感反演模型研究[J].海洋科学,2008,32(5):32-35.]
[10] Cai L N,Tang D L,Gad L,et al.Remote Sensing of the Impacts of Construction in Coastal Waters on Suspended Particulate Matter Concentration-the Case of the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2016,37(9):2132-2147.
[11] Wang J J,Lu X X,Liew S C,et al.Retrieval of Suspended Sediment Concentrations in Large Turbid Rivers Using Landsat ETM+:An Example from the Yangtze River,China[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2009,34(8):1082-1092.
[12] Xia X M,Li Y,Yang H,et al.Observations on the Size and Settling Velocity Distributions of Suspended Sediment in the Pearl River Estuary,China[J].Continental Shelf Research,2004,24(16):1809-1826.
[13] Ip C C M,Li X D,Zhang G,et al.Trace Metal Distribution in Sediments of the Pearl River Estuary and the Surrounding Coastal Area,South China[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,147(2):311-323.
[14] Siswanto E,Tang J W,Yamaguchi H,et al.Empirical Ocean-color Algorithms to Retrieve Chlorophyll-a,Total Suspended Matter,and Colored Dissolved Organic Matter Absorption Coefficient in the Yellow and East China Seas[J].Journal of Oceanography,2011,67(5):627-650.
[15] Zhang M W,Tang J W,Dong Q,et al.Retrieval of Total Suspended Matter Concentration in the Yellow and East China Seas from MODIS Imagery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2010,114(2):392-403.
[16] Ma R H,Ma X D,Dai J F.Hyperspectral Feature Analysis of Chlorophyll and Suspended Solids Using Field Measurements from Taihu Lake,Eastern China[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2007,52(4):808-824.
[17] Liu Qian,David G R.Estimation on Suspended Sedimentation Concentration of Poyang Lake Using MODIS and Hyperspectral Data[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2008,23(1):7-11.[刘茜,David G R.基于高光谱数据和MODIS影像的鄱阳湖悬浮泥沙浓度估算[J].遥感技术与应用,2008,23(1):7-11.]
[18] Kuang Runyuan,Luo Wei,Zhang Meng.Optical Classification of Poyang Lake Waters based on in Situ Measurements and Remote Sensing Images[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(5):773-780.[况润元,罗卫,张萌.基于实测数据与遥感影像的鄱阳湖水体光学分类[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(5):773-780.]
[19] Zhang Yibo,Zhang Yunlin,Zha Yong,et al.Remote Sensing Estimation of Total Suspended Matter Concentration in Xin'anjiang Reservoir Using Landsat 8 Data[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(1):56-63.[张毅博,张运林,査勇,等.基于Landsat 8影像估算新安江水库总悬浮泥沙浓度[J].环境科学,2015,36(1):56-63.]
[20] Barnes B B,Hu C M.Island Building in the South China Sea:Detection of Turbidity Plumes and Artificial Islands Using Landsat and MODIS Data[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:33194.doi:10.1038/srep33194.
[21] Zheng Chongwei,Li Chongyin.Development of the Islands and Reefs in the South China Sea:Wind Climate and Wave Climate Analysis[J].Journal of Ocean University of China:Natural Science Edition,2015,46(9):1-6.[郑崇伟,李崇银.中国南海岛礁建设:重点岛礁的风候,波候特征分析[J].中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版,2015,46(9):1-6.]
[22] Larcombe P,Ridd P V,Prytz A,et al,1995.Factors Controlling Suspended Sediment on Inner-shelf Coral Reefs,Townsville,Australia[J].Coral Reefs,1995,14(3):163-171.
[23] Pan Yangli.Remote Sensing Study on Geomorphy and Living Environment of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Sciences University,2010.[潘艳丽.遥感研究南海珊瑚礁地貌及其生长环境[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2010.]
[24] Amante C,Eakins B W.ETOPO1 1 Arc-minute Global Relief Model:Procedures,Data Sources and Analysis[M].NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24.National Geophysical Data Center,NOAA,2009.
[25] Gordon H R,Morel A Y.Remote Assessment of Ocean Color for Inter-pretation of Satellite Visible Imagery[J].Natural Hazards & Earth System Science,1983,4(3):375-387.
[26] Li Jing.A Study on Determination of Concentration of SuspendedSolid in Water by Remote Sensing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae.1986,6(2):166-173.[李京.水域悬浮固体含量的遥感定量研究[J].环境科学学报,1986,6(2):166-173.]
[27] Li Xia.An United Equation for Remote Sensing Quantitative Analysis of Suspended Sediment and its Application at Zhujiang River Estuary[J].Remote Sensing of Environment China,1992,7(2):106-114.[黎夏.悬浮泥沙遥感定量的统一模式及其在珠江口中的应用[J].环境遥感,1992,7(2):106-114.]
[28] Lathrop R G,Lillesand T M and Yandell B S.Testing the Utility of Simple Multi-date Thematic Mapper Calibration Algorithms for Monitoring Turbid Inland Waters[J].Remote Sensing,1991,12(10):2045-2063.
[29] Tassan S.An Improved In-water Algorithm for the Determination of Chlorophyll and Suspended Sediment Concentration from Thematic Mapper Data in Coastal Waters[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1993,14(6):1221-1229.
[30] Doxaran D,Froidefond J M,Castaing P,et al.Dynamics of the Turbidity Maximum Zone in a Macrotidal Estuary(the Gironde,France):Observations from Field and MODIS Satellite Data[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2009,81(3):321-332.
[31] Chen Xiaoling,Yuan Zhongzhi,Li Yuxiang,et al.Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Pearl River Estuary based on Remote Sensing[J].Journal of Wuhan University Information Science Edition,2005,30(8):677-681.[陈晓玲,袁中智,李毓湘,等.基于遥感反演结果的悬浮泥沙时空动态规律研究——以珠江河口及邻近海域为例[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2005,30(8):677-681.]
[32] Lü Junwei,Liu Xiangnan.Geostatistical Analysis on Spatial Variability of Suspended Solids Concentration in the Coast Water of Hong Kong[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(3):734-741.[吕君伟,刘湘南.香港近岸海域悬浮固体浓度空间变异特征的地统计分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(3):734-741.]