环保产业政策支持对劳动力需求的影响研究——基于重污染上市公司的经验证据
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摘要
基于2006—2015年沪深A股重污染上市公司数据,系统考察了环保产业政策支持对企业劳动力需求的影响。研究发现,总体而言,环保产业政策支持对企业劳动力需求并无显著影响。区分产权性质后发现,环保产业政策支持对国有企业劳动力需求发挥显著抑制作用,而对非国有企业劳动力需求发挥有效促进作用。环保产业政策支持对企业劳动力需求的影响主要通过要素替代效应与产量扩大效应两种机制实现。进一步研究表明,环保产业政策支持总体上加大了企业对高技能劳动力的需求,但主要体现在非国有企业中。环保产业政策支持对企业薪资水平整体无显著影响,对国有企业劳动力薪资水平产生显著负向影响,对非国有企业劳动力薪资水平产生显著正向影响。拓展了企业劳动力需求影响因素的研究视角,丰富了环境规制的经济后果研究,为进一步理解环境政策对劳动力市场的影响提供了微观层面的经验证据。
The paper investigated the impact of environmental industry policy support on the labor demand of enterprises based on the data of China A-share heavy polluting listed companies of 2006-2015. We found that environmental industry policy support had no significant impact on the enterprise labor demand as a whole. After distinguishing the nature of property right,environmental industry policy support had significant negative impact on the labor demand of state-owned enterprises( SOEs),and played an effective role in promoting the labor demand of non-SOEs. We found that the impact of environmental industry policy on the labor demand was mainly realized by means of factor substitution effect and output enlargement effect.Further research indicated that the environmental industry policy had generally increased the demand for high-skilled labor,but it was mainly reflected in non-SOEs. We also found that environmental industry policy had no significant effect on the overall salary level of enterprises,while it had negative impact on the wage level of SOEs,and contributed to enhancing the wage level of non-SOEs. The paper extended the research perspective of the factors affecting enterprise labor demand,and enriched the economic consequence of the environmental regulation,and provided micro-level empirical evidence for further understanding the effect of environmental policy on the labor market.
The paper investigated the impact of environmental industry policy support on the labor demand of enterprises based on the data of China A-share heavy polluting listed companies of 2006-2015. We found that environmental industry policy support had no significant impact on the enterprise labor demand as a whole. After distinguishing the nature of property right,environmental industry policy support had significant negative impact on the labor demand of state-owned enterprises( SOEs),and played an effective role in promoting the labor demand of non-SOEs. We found that the impact of environmental industry policy on the labor demand was mainly realized by means of factor substitution effect and output enlargement effect.Further research indicated that the environmental industry policy had generally increased the demand for high-skilled labor,but it was mainly reflected in non-SOEs. We also found that environmental industry policy had no significant effect on the overall salary level of enterprises,while it had negative impact on the wage level of SOEs,and contributed to enhancing the wage level of non-SOEs. The paper extended the research perspective of the factors affecting enterprise labor demand,and enriched the economic consequence of the environmental regulation,and provided micro-level empirical evidence for further understanding the effect of environmental policy on the labor market.
引文
[1]赵连阁,钟搏,王学渊.工业污染治理投资的地区就业效应研究[J].中国工业经济,2014(5):70-82.
[2]GRAY W B,SHADBEGIAN R J.Pollution abatement costs,regulation,and plant-level productivity[R].NBER working paper,1995,NO.4994.
[3]PORTER M.America's green strategy[J].Scientific American,1991,264(4):168.
[4]PORTER M E,VAN DER LINDE C.Toward a new conception of the environment-competitiveness relationship[J].Journal of economic perspectives,1995,9(4):97-118.
[5]叶光亮,何亚丽.环境污染治理中的最优专利授权:固定费用还是特许权收费?[J].经济学(季刊),2018(2):633-650.
[6]蔡昉,都阳,高文书.就业弹性、自然失业和宏观经济政策——为什么经济增长没有带来显性就业?[J].经济研究,2004(9):18-25+47.
[7]黄英伟,陈永伟.金融发展与就业促进:理论和实证[J].劳动经济研究,2015(1):96-118.
[8]CHODOROW-REICH G.The employment effects of credit market disruptions:firm-level evidence from the 2008-9financial crisis[J].The quarterly journal of economics,2014,129(1):1-59.
[9]邵文波,盛丹.信息化与中国企业就业吸纳下降之谜[J].经济研究,2017(6):120-136.
[10]宁光杰,林子亮.信息技术应用、企业组织变革与劳动力技能需求变化[J].经济研究,2014(8):79-92.
[11]DONG X-Y,XU L C.Labor restructuring in China:toward a functioning labor market[J].Journal of comparative economics,2009,37(2):287-305.
[12]毛日昇.人民币实际汇率变化如何影响工业行业就业?[J].经济研究,2013(3):56-69.
[13]铁瑛,刘啟仁.人民币汇率变动与劳动力技能偏向效应——来自中国微观企业的证据[J].金融研究,2018(1):53-66.
[14]郭长林.财政政策扩张、异质性企业与中国城镇就业[J].经济研究,2018(5):88-102.
[15]辛大楞.经济政策不确定性与工业企业就业[J].产业经济研究,2018(5):89-100.
[16]魏下海,董志强,金钊.工会改善了企业雇佣期限结构吗?——来自全国民营企业抽样调查的经验证据[J].管理世界,2015(5):52-62.
[17]张三峰,张伟.融资约束、金融发展与企业雇佣——来自中国企业调查数据的经验证据[J].金融研究,2016(10):111-126.
[18]BENMELECH E,BERGMAN N K,SERU A.Financing labor[R].NBER working paper,2011,NO.17144.
[19]李珊珊.环境规制对异质性劳动力就业的影响——基于省级动态面板数据的分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(8):135-143.
[20]邵帅,杨振兵.环境规制与劳动需求:双重红利效应存在吗?——来自中国工业部门的经验证据[J].环境经济研究,2017(2):64-80.
[21]余东华,孙婷.环境规制、技能溢价与制造业国际竞争力[J].中国工业经济,2017(5):35-53.
[22]CARRARO C,GALEOTTI M,GALLO M.Environmental taxation and unemployment:some evidence on the‘double dividend hypothesis'in Europe[J].Journal of public economics,1996,62(1/2):141-181.
[23]陆旸.中国的绿色政策与就业:存在双重红利吗?[J].经济研究,2011(7):42-54.
[24]BERMAN E,BUI L T.Environmental regulation and labor demand:evidence from the South Coast Air Basin[J].Journal of public economics,2001,79(2):265-295.
[25]LIU M,SHADBEGIAN R,ZHANG B.Does environmental regulation affect labor demand in China?Evidence from the textile printing and dyeing industry[J].Journal of environmental economics and management,2017,86:277-294.
[26]张彩云,王勇,李雅楠.生产过程绿色化能促进就业吗——来自清洁生产标准的证据[J].财贸经济,2017(3):131-146.
[27]BROWN R S,CHRISTENSEN L R.Estimating elasticities of substitution in a model of partial static equilibrium:an application to US agriculture,1947 to 1974[M]//BERNDT E R,FIELDS B G.Modeling and measuring natural resource substitution.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1981:209-229.
[28]蔡昉.人口转变、人口红利与刘易斯转折点[J].经济研究,2010(4):4-13.
[29]JI X,LI G,WANG Z.Impact of emission regulation policies on Chinese power firms'reusable environmental investments and sustainable operations[J].Energy policy,2017,108:163-177.
[30]ALBRIZIO S,KOZLUK T,ZIPPERER V.Environmental policies and productivity growth:evidence across industries and firms[J].Journal of environmental economics and management,2017,81:209-226.
[31]邵敏,包群,叶宁华.信贷融资约束对员工收入的影响——来自我国企业微观层面的经验证据[J].经济学(季刊),2013(3):895-912.
[32]WEN Y,WU J.Withstanding the great recession like China[R].FRB of St.Louis working paper,2014,NO.2014-007A.
[33]LI C K,LUO J-H,SODERSTROM N S.Market response to expected regulatory costs related to haze[J].Journal of accounting and public policy,2017,36(3):201-219.
[34]廖冠民,沈红波.国有企业的政策性负担:动因、后果及治理[J].中国工业经济,2014(6):96-108.
[35]张建君,张志学.中国民营企业家的政治战略[J].管理世界,2005(7):94-105.
[36]李汇东,唐跃军,左晶晶.政府干预、终极控制权与企业雇佣行为——基于中国民营上市公司的研究[J].财经研究,2017(7):20-31.
[37]陈冬华,李真,新夫.产业政策与公司融资——来自中国的经验证据[C].2010中国会计与财务研究国际研讨会,2010:80.
[38]余明桂,范蕊,钟慧洁.中国产业政策与企业技术创新[J].中国工业经济,2016(12):5-22.
[39]CHEN D,LI O Z,XIN F.Five-year plans,China finance and their consequences[J].China journal of accounting research,2017,10(3):189-230.
[40]何江,张馨之.中国区域经济增长及其收敛性:空间面板数据分析[J].南方经济,2006(5):44-52.
[41]许和连,邓玉萍.外商直接投资导致了中国的环境污染吗?——基于中国省际面板数据的空间计量研究[J].管理世界,2012(2):30-43.
[42]MORGENSTERN R D,PIZER W A,SHIH J-S.Jobs versus the environment:an industry-level perspective[J].Journal of environmental economics and management,2002,43(3):412-436.
[43]马弘,乔雪,徐嫄.中国制造业的就业创造与就业消失[J].经济研究,2013(12):68-80.
[44]LUO J.How does smog affect firms'investment behavior?A natural experiment based on a sudden surge in the PM2.5index[J].China journal of accounting research,2017,10(4):359-378.
[45]胡珺,宋献中,王红建.非正式制度、家乡认同与企业环境治理[J].管理世界,2017(3):76-94+187-188.
[46]申广军,欧阳伊玲,李力行.技能结构的地区差异:金融发展视角[J].金融研究,2017(7):45-61.
(1)根据叶光亮和何亚丽[5]对2012年中国各行业废气排放数据统计,废气排放占总排放量比重排名前十的行业分别为电力、钢铁、非金属制造、有色冶金、化工、石化、采掘业、造纸、计算机设备制造、金属制品业,可以看出我国污染主要来自技术相对落后的重工业粗放型产业,这是本文选择重污染企业作为研究样本的重要原因。
(2)根据2010年环保部公布的《关于〈上市公司环境信息披露指南〉(征求意见稿)公开征求意见的通知》,并结合证监会2001年行业分类标准设定重污染行业,具体包括:B(采掘业)、C0(食品、饮料)、C1(纺织、服装、皮毛)、C3(造纸、印刷)、C4(石油、化学、塑胶、塑料)、C6(金属、非金属)、C8(医药、生物制品)、D(电力、煤气及水的生产与供应业)。
(3)根据《中国统计年鉴》,东部地区包括北京、天津、河北、辽宁、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东、海南;中部地区包括山西、内蒙古、吉林、黑龙江、安徽、江西、河南、湖北、湖南、广西;西部地区包括重庆、四川、贵州、云南、西藏、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆。
(4)此外,我们依次做了F检验与Hausman检验,结果显示,应选择固定效应模型。由于本文样本出现行业和注册地变更,在进行固定效应回归时仍将行业与区域固定效应予以控制。
(5)http://www.gov.cn/zwhd/2005-12/15/content_127752.htm
(6)由于篇幅所限,控制变量结果未予列示,备索。
(7)由于篇幅所限,未列出实证结果,备索。
[2]GRAY W B,SHADBEGIAN R J.Pollution abatement costs,regulation,and plant-level productivity[R].NBER working paper,1995,NO.4994.
[3]PORTER M.America's green strategy[J].Scientific American,1991,264(4):168.
[4]PORTER M E,VAN DER LINDE C.Toward a new conception of the environment-competitiveness relationship[J].Journal of economic perspectives,1995,9(4):97-118.
[5]叶光亮,何亚丽.环境污染治理中的最优专利授权:固定费用还是特许权收费?[J].经济学(季刊),2018(2):633-650.
[6]蔡昉,都阳,高文书.就业弹性、自然失业和宏观经济政策——为什么经济增长没有带来显性就业?[J].经济研究,2004(9):18-25+47.
[7]黄英伟,陈永伟.金融发展与就业促进:理论和实证[J].劳动经济研究,2015(1):96-118.
[8]CHODOROW-REICH G.The employment effects of credit market disruptions:firm-level evidence from the 2008-9financial crisis[J].The quarterly journal of economics,2014,129(1):1-59.
[9]邵文波,盛丹.信息化与中国企业就业吸纳下降之谜[J].经济研究,2017(6):120-136.
[10]宁光杰,林子亮.信息技术应用、企业组织变革与劳动力技能需求变化[J].经济研究,2014(8):79-92.
[11]DONG X-Y,XU L C.Labor restructuring in China:toward a functioning labor market[J].Journal of comparative economics,2009,37(2):287-305.
[12]毛日昇.人民币实际汇率变化如何影响工业行业就业?[J].经济研究,2013(3):56-69.
[13]铁瑛,刘啟仁.人民币汇率变动与劳动力技能偏向效应——来自中国微观企业的证据[J].金融研究,2018(1):53-66.
[14]郭长林.财政政策扩张、异质性企业与中国城镇就业[J].经济研究,2018(5):88-102.
[15]辛大楞.经济政策不确定性与工业企业就业[J].产业经济研究,2018(5):89-100.
[16]魏下海,董志强,金钊.工会改善了企业雇佣期限结构吗?——来自全国民营企业抽样调查的经验证据[J].管理世界,2015(5):52-62.
[17]张三峰,张伟.融资约束、金融发展与企业雇佣——来自中国企业调查数据的经验证据[J].金融研究,2016(10):111-126.
[18]BENMELECH E,BERGMAN N K,SERU A.Financing labor[R].NBER working paper,2011,NO.17144.
[19]李珊珊.环境规制对异质性劳动力就业的影响——基于省级动态面板数据的分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(8):135-143.
[20]邵帅,杨振兵.环境规制与劳动需求:双重红利效应存在吗?——来自中国工业部门的经验证据[J].环境经济研究,2017(2):64-80.
[21]余东华,孙婷.环境规制、技能溢价与制造业国际竞争力[J].中国工业经济,2017(5):35-53.
[22]CARRARO C,GALEOTTI M,GALLO M.Environmental taxation and unemployment:some evidence on the‘double dividend hypothesis'in Europe[J].Journal of public economics,1996,62(1/2):141-181.
[23]陆旸.中国的绿色政策与就业:存在双重红利吗?[J].经济研究,2011(7):42-54.
[24]BERMAN E,BUI L T.Environmental regulation and labor demand:evidence from the South Coast Air Basin[J].Journal of public economics,2001,79(2):265-295.
[25]LIU M,SHADBEGIAN R,ZHANG B.Does environmental regulation affect labor demand in China?Evidence from the textile printing and dyeing industry[J].Journal of environmental economics and management,2017,86:277-294.
[26]张彩云,王勇,李雅楠.生产过程绿色化能促进就业吗——来自清洁生产标准的证据[J].财贸经济,2017(3):131-146.
[27]BROWN R S,CHRISTENSEN L R.Estimating elasticities of substitution in a model of partial static equilibrium:an application to US agriculture,1947 to 1974[M]//BERNDT E R,FIELDS B G.Modeling and measuring natural resource substitution.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1981:209-229.
[28]蔡昉.人口转变、人口红利与刘易斯转折点[J].经济研究,2010(4):4-13.
[29]JI X,LI G,WANG Z.Impact of emission regulation policies on Chinese power firms'reusable environmental investments and sustainable operations[J].Energy policy,2017,108:163-177.
[30]ALBRIZIO S,KOZLUK T,ZIPPERER V.Environmental policies and productivity growth:evidence across industries and firms[J].Journal of environmental economics and management,2017,81:209-226.
[31]邵敏,包群,叶宁华.信贷融资约束对员工收入的影响——来自我国企业微观层面的经验证据[J].经济学(季刊),2013(3):895-912.
[32]WEN Y,WU J.Withstanding the great recession like China[R].FRB of St.Louis working paper,2014,NO.2014-007A.
[33]LI C K,LUO J-H,SODERSTROM N S.Market response to expected regulatory costs related to haze[J].Journal of accounting and public policy,2017,36(3):201-219.
[34]廖冠民,沈红波.国有企业的政策性负担:动因、后果及治理[J].中国工业经济,2014(6):96-108.
[35]张建君,张志学.中国民营企业家的政治战略[J].管理世界,2005(7):94-105.
[36]李汇东,唐跃军,左晶晶.政府干预、终极控制权与企业雇佣行为——基于中国民营上市公司的研究[J].财经研究,2017(7):20-31.
[37]陈冬华,李真,新夫.产业政策与公司融资——来自中国的经验证据[C].2010中国会计与财务研究国际研讨会,2010:80.
[38]余明桂,范蕊,钟慧洁.中国产业政策与企业技术创新[J].中国工业经济,2016(12):5-22.
[39]CHEN D,LI O Z,XIN F.Five-year plans,China finance and their consequences[J].China journal of accounting research,2017,10(3):189-230.
[40]何江,张馨之.中国区域经济增长及其收敛性:空间面板数据分析[J].南方经济,2006(5):44-52.
[41]许和连,邓玉萍.外商直接投资导致了中国的环境污染吗?——基于中国省际面板数据的空间计量研究[J].管理世界,2012(2):30-43.
[42]MORGENSTERN R D,PIZER W A,SHIH J-S.Jobs versus the environment:an industry-level perspective[J].Journal of environmental economics and management,2002,43(3):412-436.
[43]马弘,乔雪,徐嫄.中国制造业的就业创造与就业消失[J].经济研究,2013(12):68-80.
[44]LUO J.How does smog affect firms'investment behavior?A natural experiment based on a sudden surge in the PM2.5index[J].China journal of accounting research,2017,10(4):359-378.
[45]胡珺,宋献中,王红建.非正式制度、家乡认同与企业环境治理[J].管理世界,2017(3):76-94+187-188.
[46]申广军,欧阳伊玲,李力行.技能结构的地区差异:金融发展视角[J].金融研究,2017(7):45-61.
(1)根据叶光亮和何亚丽[5]对2012年中国各行业废气排放数据统计,废气排放占总排放量比重排名前十的行业分别为电力、钢铁、非金属制造、有色冶金、化工、石化、采掘业、造纸、计算机设备制造、金属制品业,可以看出我国污染主要来自技术相对落后的重工业粗放型产业,这是本文选择重污染企业作为研究样本的重要原因。
(2)根据2010年环保部公布的《关于〈上市公司环境信息披露指南〉(征求意见稿)公开征求意见的通知》,并结合证监会2001年行业分类标准设定重污染行业,具体包括:B(采掘业)、C0(食品、饮料)、C1(纺织、服装、皮毛)、C3(造纸、印刷)、C4(石油、化学、塑胶、塑料)、C6(金属、非金属)、C8(医药、生物制品)、D(电力、煤气及水的生产与供应业)。
(3)根据《中国统计年鉴》,东部地区包括北京、天津、河北、辽宁、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东、海南;中部地区包括山西、内蒙古、吉林、黑龙江、安徽、江西、河南、湖北、湖南、广西;西部地区包括重庆、四川、贵州、云南、西藏、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆。
(4)此外,我们依次做了F检验与Hausman检验,结果显示,应选择固定效应模型。由于本文样本出现行业和注册地变更,在进行固定效应回归时仍将行业与区域固定效应予以控制。
(5)http://www.gov.cn/zwhd/2005-12/15/content_127752.htm
(6)由于篇幅所限,控制变量结果未予列示,备索。
(7)由于篇幅所限,未列出实证结果,备索。