典型工业恶臭源恶臭排放特征研究
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摘要
恶臭污染具有主观性和复杂性特点,结合使用仪器分析和嗅觉方法,可以从成分和感官两方面充分反映恶臭污染特征.本文参考USEPA TO14A和GB/T 14675-93方法,选择天津滨海新区内的6个不同类型的工业恶臭源,包括制药、喷漆、炼油、石化、树脂合成和橡胶,采集了各类源工艺流程中通过有组织方式排放的恶臭废气,测定了废气的感官臭气浓度并定量分析了其中的恶臭VOCs物质.使用臭气浓度、恶臭指数及统计学方法进行研究,结果发现,炼油源和制胶源的废气具有非常严重的感官刺激性.甲硫醇等硫化物是炼油源和制胶源的主要特征恶臭物质;苯乙烯和甲苯分别是合成树脂源和喷涂源的特征恶臭组分;对苯二甲酸(PTA)源和制药源属于混合型恶臭源.甲苯是喷漆源和制药源的标识组分;二硫化碳是制胶源的标识组分;间,对-二甲苯可以用来标识石化PTA污染源;炼油源的标识组分为三氯乙烯、氯乙烷和1,2-二溴乙烷;苯乙烯是合成树脂源的标识组分.
It is difficult to describe the features of odor pollution,due to its complexity and human's subjective feeling.The research based on instrumental analysis combined with olfactory measurement,can provide comprehensive characterization of odor pollution.According to USEPA TO14A and GB/T 14675-93 method,samples were collected from six industrial odor sources including pharmacy,painting,oil refinery,petrochemical,resin synthesis and rubber manufacturing,and then were analyzed for odorous VOCs and odor concentration.The odor characterization of these six sources was studied using olfactory odor concentration,odor index and PCA methods.According to the results,oil refinery and rubber manufacturing sources had serious olfactory stimulation.Sulfur compounds,take methyl mercaptan for example,were the major odorous compounds of oil refinery source and rubber manufacturing source.Styrene and toluene were the major odorous compounds of resin synthesis source and painting source,respectively.In addition,toluene was the marker of painting source and pharmacy source.The markers of resin synthesis source and petrochemical source were styrene and m,p-xylene respectively.Carbon disulfide could be used to mark rubber manufacturing source.Trichloroethylene,chloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane were the markers of oil refinery source.
It is difficult to describe the features of odor pollution,due to its complexity and human's subjective feeling.The research based on instrumental analysis combined with olfactory measurement,can provide comprehensive characterization of odor pollution.According to USEPA TO14A and GB/T 14675-93 method,samples were collected from six industrial odor sources including pharmacy,painting,oil refinery,petrochemical,resin synthesis and rubber manufacturing,and then were analyzed for odorous VOCs and odor concentration.The odor characterization of these six sources was studied using olfactory odor concentration,odor index and PCA methods.According to the results,oil refinery and rubber manufacturing sources had serious olfactory stimulation.Sulfur compounds,take methyl mercaptan for example,were the major odorous compounds of oil refinery source and rubber manufacturing source.Styrene and toluene were the major odorous compounds of resin synthesis source and painting source,respectively.In addition,toluene was the marker of painting source and pharmacy source.The markers of resin synthesis source and petrochemical source were styrene and m,p-xylene respectively.Carbon disulfide could be used to mark rubber manufacturing source.Trichloroethylene,chloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane were the markers of oil refinery source.
引文
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[8]孙佩石,杨显万,黄若华,等.生物膜填料塔净化有机废气研究[J].中国环境科学,1996,16(2):92-95.
[9]王伯光,张远航,邵敏.珠江三角洲大气环境VOCs的时空分布特征[J].环境科学,2004,25(增刊):7-15.
[10]孙杰,王跃思,吴方堃,等.唐山市和北京市夏秋季节大气VOCs组成及浓度变化[J].环境科学,2010,31(7):1438-1443.
[11]韩博,吴建会,王凤炜,等.天津滨海新区工业源VOCs及恶臭物质排放特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(11):1776-1781.
[12]Nagata Y,Takeuchi N.Measurement of odor threshold by triangleodor bag method[J].Bulletin of Japan Environmental SanitationCenter,1990,17:77-89.
[13]GB14554-93恶臭污染物排放标准[S].
[14]GB/T14675-93空气质量恶臭的测定三点比较式臭袋法[S].
[15]Ochiai N,Tsuji A,Nakamura N,et al.Stabilities of 58 volatileorganic compounds in fused silica lined and SUMMA polishedcanisters under various humidified conditions[J].Journal ofEnvironmental Monitoring,2002,4:879–889.
[16]Ochiai N,Takino M,Daishima S,et al.Analysis of volatilesulphur compounds in breath by gas chromatography–massspectrometry using a three-stage cryogenic trappingpreconcentration system[J].Journal of Chromatography B,2001:762:67-75.
[17]周则飞.恶臭污染成因及防治对策初探[J].石油化工环境保护,1996,2:34-38.
[18]张荣贤,许树振.恶臭、恶臭测定与评价标准[J].石化技术,1993,4:231-235.
[19]Shi G L,Zeng F,Li X,et al.Estimated contributions anduncertainties of PCA/MLR-CMB results:Source apportionmentfor synthetic and ambient datasets[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45:2811-2819.
[2]Kim K H,Jeon E C,Choi Y J,et al.The emission characteristicsand the related malodor intensities of gaseous reduced sulfurcompounds(RSC)in a large industrial complex[J].AtmosphericEnvironment,1996,40(24):4478-4490.
[3]Kim K H.Some insights into the gas chromatographicdetermination of reduced sulfur compounds(RSC)in air[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2005,39(17):6765-6769.
[4]Kim K H.Performance characterization of the GC/PFPD for H2S,CH3SH,DMS,and DMDS in air[J].Atmospheric Environment2005,39(12):2235-2242.
[5]Willig S,Lacorn M,Claus R.Development of a rapid andaccurate method for the determination of key compounds of pigodor[J].Journal of Chromatography,2004,1038:11-18.
[6]邹世春,张淑娟,张展霞,等.垃圾填埋场空气中微量挥发性有机物的组成和分布[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(1):77-81.
[7]杨显万,黄若华,张玲琪,等.生物法净化废气中低浓度挥发性有机物的过程机理研究[J].中国环境科学,1997,12(6):545-549.
[8]孙佩石,杨显万,黄若华,等.生物膜填料塔净化有机废气研究[J].中国环境科学,1996,16(2):92-95.
[9]王伯光,张远航,邵敏.珠江三角洲大气环境VOCs的时空分布特征[J].环境科学,2004,25(增刊):7-15.
[10]孙杰,王跃思,吴方堃,等.唐山市和北京市夏秋季节大气VOCs组成及浓度变化[J].环境科学,2010,31(7):1438-1443.
[11]韩博,吴建会,王凤炜,等.天津滨海新区工业源VOCs及恶臭物质排放特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(11):1776-1781.
[12]Nagata Y,Takeuchi N.Measurement of odor threshold by triangleodor bag method[J].Bulletin of Japan Environmental SanitationCenter,1990,17:77-89.
[13]GB14554-93恶臭污染物排放标准[S].
[14]GB/T14675-93空气质量恶臭的测定三点比较式臭袋法[S].
[15]Ochiai N,Tsuji A,Nakamura N,et al.Stabilities of 58 volatileorganic compounds in fused silica lined and SUMMA polishedcanisters under various humidified conditions[J].Journal ofEnvironmental Monitoring,2002,4:879–889.
[16]Ochiai N,Takino M,Daishima S,et al.Analysis of volatilesulphur compounds in breath by gas chromatography–massspectrometry using a three-stage cryogenic trappingpreconcentration system[J].Journal of Chromatography B,2001:762:67-75.
[17]周则飞.恶臭污染成因及防治对策初探[J].石油化工环境保护,1996,2:34-38.
[18]张荣贤,许树振.恶臭、恶臭测定与评价标准[J].石化技术,1993,4:231-235.
[19]Shi G L,Zeng F,Li X,et al.Estimated contributions anduncertainties of PCA/MLR-CMB results:Source apportionmentfor synthetic and ambient datasets[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45:2811-2819.