枣园主要害虫及其天敌生态位的研究
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摘要
为了解枣树害虫的生态调控机制,给枣林害虫的生物防控提供基础数据,采用Berger-Parker优势度指数、Levins生态位宽度和Cowell-Futuyma生态位重叠指数的计算方法,对延安市延川县枣园主要害虫及其天敌共13个物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行研究。结果表明,枣飞象的优势度指数为0.397,是枣林昆虫的优势种;熊蜂的优势度指数为0.138,是枣林昆虫的亚优势种;陕北地区枣园中数量较多的害虫是枣飞象、红缘天牛和枣瘿蚊,天敌是熊蜂、狼蛛和七星瓢虫;4块样地中物种的生态位宽度存在较大的差异,未除杂草样地害虫和天敌生态位宽度比人工管理除草样地高,阳坡样地害虫和天敌生态位宽度比阴坡样地高;枣林中主要害虫和天敌的空间生态位重叠值较高,在0.522 2~0.983 9之间波动,在空间上占有较大的优势,具有较强利用环境资源的能力;主要害虫及天敌时间生态位重叠值相对较大,在0.001 8~0.850 8之间变动,在时间上具有一定的同步性,天敌对害虫的控制潜能较大。
To study the ecological control system of natural enemies on the pests of jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.var.jujuba)and to provide reference for the control of pests through utilization of natural enemies on jujube,this paper studied spatial,temporal niche breadths and niche overlaps of 13 dominant species in jujube orchard of Yanchuan by calculating the dominance index of Berger-Parker,Levins niche breadth and Cowell-Futuyma niche overlaps.The results showed that the dominance index of Scythropus yasumatsui was0.397,which is the dominant species of insects in jujube orchard;while the the dominance index of Bombus sp.was 0.138,which is the subdominant species.The major pests were Scythropus yasumatsui,Asias halodendri,Contarinia datifolia.,and their natural enemies were Bombus sp.,Lycosa sp.,Coccinella septempunctata in jujube orchards in northern Shaanxi province.The niche breadth of the species on the four sample plots were greatly different.The niche breadth of pests and their natural enemies under weed control was lower than that of uncontrolled plots;the niche breadth of pests and their natural enemies on sunny slope were higher than that of shady slope.The spatial niche overlaps of the pests and their enemies were high(between 0.522 2~0.983 9)and competitive.That means those plots are more capable of using environmental resources.Their temporal niche overlaps were even higher(between 0.001 8~0.850 8)and temporally synchronous,which shows that the enemies have large potential of controlling pest insects.
To study the ecological control system of natural enemies on the pests of jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.var.jujuba)and to provide reference for the control of pests through utilization of natural enemies on jujube,this paper studied spatial,temporal niche breadths and niche overlaps of 13 dominant species in jujube orchard of Yanchuan by calculating the dominance index of Berger-Parker,Levins niche breadth and Cowell-Futuyma niche overlaps.The results showed that the dominance index of Scythropus yasumatsui was0.397,which is the dominant species of insects in jujube orchard;while the the dominance index of Bombus sp.was 0.138,which is the subdominant species.The major pests were Scythropus yasumatsui,Asias halodendri,Contarinia datifolia.,and their natural enemies were Bombus sp.,Lycosa sp.,Coccinella septempunctata in jujube orchards in northern Shaanxi province.The niche breadth of the species on the four sample plots were greatly different.The niche breadth of pests and their natural enemies under weed control was lower than that of uncontrolled plots;the niche breadth of pests and their natural enemies on sunny slope were higher than that of shady slope.The spatial niche overlaps of the pests and their enemies were high(between 0.522 2~0.983 9)and competitive.That means those plots are more capable of using environmental resources.Their temporal niche overlaps were even higher(between 0.001 8~0.850 8)and temporally synchronous,which shows that the enemies have large potential of controlling pest insects.
引文
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[9]张安盛,于毅,张思聪,等.桃园桃粉大尾蚜、桃蚜及其主要天敌生态位的研究[J].山东农业大学学报:自然科学版,2006,37(4):577-580.
[10]陈川,唐周怀,石晓红,等.生草苹果园主要害虫和天敌的生态位研究[J].西北农业学报,2002,11(3):78-82.
[11]魏永平.黄土高原苹果园植物多样性对果园昆虫群落的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011:19-20.
[12]李生才,高峰,王宁波.苹果园蜘蛛群落组成及其生态位研究初报[J].中国生态农业学报,2006,14(1):181-184.
[13]黄保宏,邹运鼎,毕守东,等.梅园昆虫群落特征、动态及优势种生态位应用生态学报[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(2):307-312.
[14]秦玉川,蔡宁华,黄可训.山楂叶螨、苹果全爪螨及其捕食性天敌生态位的研究Ⅰ.时间与空间生态位[J].生态学报,1991,11(4):332-337.
[15]师光禄,常宝山,黄敏佳,等.枣园间种牧草对节肢动物群落营养层与优势功能团的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(2):399-409.
[16]赵飞,李捷,牛荣山,等.日光温室枣树主要害虫及其天敌的生态位研究[J].山西农业科学,2006,34(1):70-72.
[17]王凤,鞠瑞亭,李跃忠,等.生态位概念及其在昆虫生态学中的应用[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(10):1280-1284.
[18]朱猛蒙,张蓉,张泽华,等.宁夏麻黄山草原蝗虫及天敌对土壤含水量及坡度的响应特征[J].植物保护学报,2016,43(03):369-376.
[19]姜文虎,刘军侠,薛峥.紫叶李主要害虫及其天敌生态位的研究[J].河南农业科学,2013,42(7):76-79.
[2]王丁,刘贤谦.枣园害虫生态控制研究进展[J].山西林业科技,2006(1):12-15.
[3]汪星,高志永,高建恩.黄土丘陵区旱作枣树规格与枣林耗水量关系研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(5):227-236.
[4]赵桂玲,曹文文,刘长海,等.不同管理模式枣园昆虫群落结构特征及多样性研究[J].陕西农业科学,2017,63(7):33-35.
[5]赵爱玲,郝海娟,曹彦清,等.不同管理方式下的枣园各功能团节肢动物群落多样性差异分析[J].山西农业科学,2011,39(2):152-155.
[6]冯津,李登科,刘素琪,等.不同生境枣园节肢动物群落的动态[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2005,25(2):146-149.
[7]杜学梅,李登科,赵爱玲,等.枣园节肢动物群落生态学研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(11):156-159.
[8]蔡志平.小海子垦区枣园节肢动物群落及主要害虫的发生规律、防治研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2014.35-42.
[9]张安盛,于毅,张思聪,等.桃园桃粉大尾蚜、桃蚜及其主要天敌生态位的研究[J].山东农业大学学报:自然科学版,2006,37(4):577-580.
[10]陈川,唐周怀,石晓红,等.生草苹果园主要害虫和天敌的生态位研究[J].西北农业学报,2002,11(3):78-82.
[11]魏永平.黄土高原苹果园植物多样性对果园昆虫群落的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011:19-20.
[12]李生才,高峰,王宁波.苹果园蜘蛛群落组成及其生态位研究初报[J].中国生态农业学报,2006,14(1):181-184.
[13]黄保宏,邹运鼎,毕守东,等.梅园昆虫群落特征、动态及优势种生态位应用生态学报[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(2):307-312.
[14]秦玉川,蔡宁华,黄可训.山楂叶螨、苹果全爪螨及其捕食性天敌生态位的研究Ⅰ.时间与空间生态位[J].生态学报,1991,11(4):332-337.
[15]师光禄,常宝山,黄敏佳,等.枣园间种牧草对节肢动物群落营养层与优势功能团的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(2):399-409.
[16]赵飞,李捷,牛荣山,等.日光温室枣树主要害虫及其天敌的生态位研究[J].山西农业科学,2006,34(1):70-72.
[17]王凤,鞠瑞亭,李跃忠,等.生态位概念及其在昆虫生态学中的应用[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(10):1280-1284.
[18]朱猛蒙,张蓉,张泽华,等.宁夏麻黄山草原蝗虫及天敌对土壤含水量及坡度的响应特征[J].植物保护学报,2016,43(03):369-376.
[19]姜文虎,刘军侠,薛峥.紫叶李主要害虫及其天敌生态位的研究[J].河南农业科学,2013,42(7):76-79.