历史视角下的湿地演变与恢复保护——以永年洼为例
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摘要
湿地的恢复与保护是近年来环保领域的热点。用历史视角研究湿地及其周边的演化历程,能极大地丰富对湿地的认识,使湿地的恢复和保护更有针对性。本文以华北地区典型的受高强度人类活动长期影响的自然湿地永年洼为例,尝试从历史视角审视其演变,证明这一方法的有效性,并指出:(1)广府古城的历史长于永年洼的历史,永年洼始终受高强度人类活动影响;(2)永年洼在1949年以后的剧烈萎缩主要是因为水利工程控制来水量和围垦造田,永年洼仍具备成为湿地的条件;(3)永年洼以防洪功能为主、生态功能为次,永年洼的恢复保护应借建设湿地公园的契机,保障湿地来水的水量和水质。
Wetlands protection and restoration is a hot study in recent years. Studying the evolution of awetland and its surroundings with a historical perspective is a great help to understand the wetland andmake it more effective to protect the wetland. Yongnian Lake in Hebei Province is a typical wetland,which has been involved in heavily human activities for more than five hundred years but still keep naturalfeatures. It is used as a case in this study to examine its evolution in historical perspective and prove theeffectiveness of this method. We find that: Ⅰ. Guangfu City has a longer history than Yongnian Lake, andYongnian Lake has always been strongly affected by high-intensity human activities; Ⅱ. Water surface ofYongnian Lake decreased greatly after 1949, and it is mainly because of the hydraulic engineering and rec-lamations; Yongnian Lake still has the potential to become a better wetland; Ⅲ. Flood control is the mainfunction of Yongnian Lake, while ecological functions is less important; the restoration of Yongnian Lakeshould be based on the opportunity to build the wetland park, and ensure its water supply both on quanti-ty and quality.
Wetlands protection and restoration is a hot study in recent years. Studying the evolution of awetland and its surroundings with a historical perspective is a great help to understand the wetland andmake it more effective to protect the wetland. Yongnian Lake in Hebei Province is a typical wetland,which has been involved in heavily human activities for more than five hundred years but still keep naturalfeatures. It is used as a case in this study to examine its evolution in historical perspective and prove theeffectiveness of this method. We find that: Ⅰ. Guangfu City has a longer history than Yongnian Lake, andYongnian Lake has always been strongly affected by high-intensity human activities; Ⅱ. Water surface ofYongnian Lake decreased greatly after 1949, and it is mainly because of the hydraulic engineering and rec-lamations; Yongnian Lake still has the potential to become a better wetland; Ⅲ. Flood control is the mainfunction of Yongnian Lake, while ecological functions is less important; the restoration of Yongnian Lakeshould be based on the opportunity to build the wetland park, and ensure its water supply both on quanti-ty and quality.
引文
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[2]李晓文,李梦迪,梁晨,等.湿地恢复若干问题探讨[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(7):1257-1269.
[3]李九一,李丽娟,姜德娟,等.沼泽湿地生态储水量及生态需水量计算方法[J].地理学报,2006,61(3):289-296.
[4]CALDWELL P V,VEPRASKAS M J,GREGORY J D,et al.Linking plant ecology and long-term hydrology to improve wetland restoration success[J].Transactions of the Asabe,2011,54(6):2129-2137.
[5]郭跃东,邓伟,潘继花.扎龙河滨湿地水体营养化污染特征及水环境恢复对策[J].生态环境,2003,12(4):393-397.
[6]ALDOUS A R,CRAFT C B,STEVENS C J,et al.Soil phosphorus release from a restoration wetland,Upper Klamath Lake,Oregon[J].Wetlands,2007,27(4):1025-1035.
[7]周进,李伟,刘贵华,等.受损湿地植被的恢复与重建研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(5):561-572.
[8]王兆印,程东升,段学花,等.东江河流生态评价及其修复方略[J].水利学报,2007,38(10):1228-1235.
[9]MATTHEWS J W,SPYREAS G,ENDRESS A G.Trajectories of vegetation-based indicators used to assess wetland restoration progress[J].Ecological Applications,2009,19(8):2093-2107.
[10]欧阳宁雷,卢善龙,吴炳方,等.流域尺度湿地可恢复性评价——以永定河上游流域为例[J].湿地科学,2012,10(2):200-205.
[11]张晓蕾,宋豫秦.淮河流域行蓄洪区的演化及湿地恢复驱动力研究[J].水利水电技术,2014,45(2):22-27.
[12]孙志高,牟晓杰,陈小兵,等.黄河三角洲湿地保护与恢复的现状、问题与建议[J].湿地科学,2011,9(2):107-115.
[13]王昌海,崔丽娟,毛旭锋.湿地退化的人为影响因素分析——基于时间序列数据和截面数据的实证分析[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(10):1677-1687.
[14]JESSOP J,SPYREAS G,POCIASK G E,et al.Tradeoffs among ecosystem services in restored wetlands[J].Biological Conservation,2015,191:341-348.
[15]刘汉向,高传宇,于晓菲,等.根据古生态记录制定湿地生态恢复目标的研究展望[J].湿地科学,2016,14(4):568-575.
[16]LEIRA M,JORDAN P,TAYLOR D,et al.Assessing the ecological status of candidate reference lakes in Ireland using palaeolimnology[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,43(4):816-827.
[17]王亚文,曹明明.西安地区湿地的历史与现状[J].湿地科学,2005,3(2):154-159.
[18]李并成.猪野泽及其历史变迁考[J].地理学报,1993(1):55-60.
[19]史红霞.滏阳河史料集[M].天津:天津古籍出版社,2012.
[20]郑连第.古代城市水利[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1985.
[21]林秉南,向立云,程晓陶.我国城市防洪排涝的历史与现状[C]//中国自然灾害灾情分析与减灾对策.武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,1992.
[22]谭其骧.中国历史地图集[M].北京:地图出版社,1982.
[23]邹逸麟.中国历史地理概述[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2007.
[24]永年县地方志编纂委员会.永年县志[M].北京:中华书局,2002.
[25]河北省水利厅.河北省水旱灾害[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998.