国家湿地公园时空格局特征
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摘要
采用标准差椭圆、点模式分析、统计分析等方法,运用ArcGIS可视化技术,从时间和空间视角分析国家湿地公园的空间格局特征,并探究其与城市的区位关系。研究表明:(1)国家湿地公园在时间序列上分为试点起步阶段、发展与成长阶段和规范发展阶段,各地发展不均衡,"质"的发展不同步于"量",正式国家湿地公园处于规范发展的起步时期;(2)多尺度空间研究表明正式国家湿地公园空间以聚集分布形态为主,随机分布为辅,整体呈东北—西南分布格局,形成2个高密度热点区和3个中密度次热点区;(3)从城市尺度看,正式国家湿地公园呈现较大空间异质性,具有偏向城市规划区内或靠近城市规划区分布的特征;(4)正式国家湿地公园呈现为人口格局主导特征,响应了胡焕庸线的指导意义。
As one of the protected areas, the wetland park has played an important role in protecting the wetland habitat. On one hand, the wetland park can be an important infrastructure for ecosystem research on exploring the contradiction between the vulnerability of ecologically fragile areas and the maintenance of original habitat of wetland, which shows both theoretic significance and practical value for systematic research on wetland parks. On the other hand, spatial analysis of the wetland park is an important basis for systematic construction of wetland parks. It can not only visualize the current spatial structure of wetland parks, but also reflect the wetland resources utilization and wetland management efficiency,which can provide the scientific basis for the spatial construction of wetland parks. Therefore,based on ArcGIS visualization technology, the spatial pattern characteristics of National Wetland Park(NWP) was analyzed from the perspective of time and space and its location relationships with the cities was explored by using Standard Deviation Ellipse, Point Pattern Analysis, Statistical Analysis and other methods. Results show the following four points:(1)China's NWP has gone through three stages, the starting stage, the rapid development stage and the standard development stage from time series. The amount of NWP is unevenly distributed in different provinces, and the correlation between the development of quality and quantity is not synchronized. Till now, Official National Wetland Park(ONWP) is at the beginning stage of standard development.(2) From multiple scale, an aggregated distribution pattern is emerging, supplemented by random distribution for ONWP. And the overall distribution pattern tends to be in a northeast-southwest direction, forming two high-density hot spots and three medium-density sub-hot spots.(3) From urban scale, the distribution of ONWP presents a large spatial heterogeneity and has the characteristics of being partial to the urban planning areas or being close to the urban planning areas.(4) At last, the distribution of ONWP presents the dominant characteristics of population pattern, which coincides with the guiding significance of Heihe-Tengchong Line.
As one of the protected areas, the wetland park has played an important role in protecting the wetland habitat. On one hand, the wetland park can be an important infrastructure for ecosystem research on exploring the contradiction between the vulnerability of ecologically fragile areas and the maintenance of original habitat of wetland, which shows both theoretic significance and practical value for systematic research on wetland parks. On the other hand, spatial analysis of the wetland park is an important basis for systematic construction of wetland parks. It can not only visualize the current spatial structure of wetland parks, but also reflect the wetland resources utilization and wetland management efficiency,which can provide the scientific basis for the spatial construction of wetland parks. Therefore,based on ArcGIS visualization technology, the spatial pattern characteristics of National Wetland Park(NWP) was analyzed from the perspective of time and space and its location relationships with the cities was explored by using Standard Deviation Ellipse, Point Pattern Analysis, Statistical Analysis and other methods. Results show the following four points:(1)China's NWP has gone through three stages, the starting stage, the rapid development stage and the standard development stage from time series. The amount of NWP is unevenly distributed in different provinces, and the correlation between the development of quality and quantity is not synchronized. Till now, Official National Wetland Park(ONWP) is at the beginning stage of standard development.(2) From multiple scale, an aggregated distribution pattern is emerging, supplemented by random distribution for ONWP. And the overall distribution pattern tends to be in a northeast-southwest direction, forming two high-density hot spots and three medium-density sub-hot spots.(3) From urban scale, the distribution of ONWP presents a large spatial heterogeneity and has the characteristics of being partial to the urban planning areas or being close to the urban planning areas.(4) At last, the distribution of ONWP presents the dominant characteristics of population pattern, which coincides with the guiding significance of Heihe-Tengchong Line.
引文
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[17]蒋金亮,徐建刚,吴文佳,等.中国人-地碳源汇系统空间格局演变及其特征分析.自然资源学报, 2014, 29(5):757-768.[JIANG J L, XU J G, WU W J. Patterns and dynamics of China's Human-nature carbon source-sink system. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(5):757-768.]
[18]赵璐,赵作权.基于特征椭圆的中国经济空间分异研究.地理科学, 2014, 34(8):979-986.[ZHAO L, ZHAO Z Q. Projecting the spatial variation of economic based on the specific ellipses in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(8):979-986.]
[19] FISCHER M M, GETIS A. Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis. Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010:27-149.
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[21]汤国安,杨昕. ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程.北京:科学出版社, 2006.[TANG G A, YANG X. ArcGIS:Spatial Analysis Experiment Course of Geographical Information System. Beijing:Science Press, 2006.]
[22]李旭,陈德广.郑汴一体化地区旅游景区的空间结构分析.河南大学学报:自然科学版, 2011, 41(5):494-499.[LI X,CHENG D G. Analysis of spatial structure of tourist attraction in Zheng-Bian integration region. Journal of Henan University:Natural Science, 2011, 41(5):494-499.]
[23]刘贤赵,张安定,李嘉竹.地理学数学方法.北京:科学出版社, 2009:10-13.[LIU X Z, ZHANG A D, LI J Z. Mathematical Methods in Geography. Beijing:Science Press, 2009:10-13.]
[24]王立龙,陆林.湿地公园研究体系构建.生态学报, 2011, 31(17):5081-5095.[WANG L L, LU L. The studying system construction of wetland parks. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2011, 31(17):5081-5095.]
[25]中华人民共和国国家林业局.国家林业局关于做好湿地公园发展建设工作的通知(林护发[2005]118号).国家林业局公报, 2015,(3):20-22.[The State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China. Notice on the State Forestry Administration on wetland park development and construction work. State Forestry Administration bulletin, 2015,(3):20-22.]
[26]刘通.竞合格局中的沙雅胡杨生态旅游开发研究.上海:华东师范大学, 2010.[LIU T. Research on Shaya's Populus euphratic eco-tourism development in the view of coopetition pattern. Shanghai:East China Normal University, 2010.]
[27] XU H G, WANG S Q, XUE D Y. Biodiversity conservation in China:Legislation, plans and measures. Biodiversity and Conservation, 1999, 8(6):819-837.
[28]戚伟,刘盛和,赵美风.“胡焕庸线”的稳定性及其两侧人口集疏模式差异.地理学报, 2015, 70(4):551-566.[QI W,LIU S H, ZHAO M F. Study on the stability of Hu Line and different spatial patterns of population growth on its both sides. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(4):551-566.]
[29]付励强,孔石,宗诚,等.中国湿地保护区与湿地公园空间分布差异.湿地科学, 2015, 13(3):356-363.[FU L Q,KONG S, ZONG C, et al. The difference of spatial distribution of wetland nature reserves and wetland parks in China.Wetland Science, 2015, 13(3):356-363.]
[30]易湘生,李国胜,尹衍雨,等.土壤厚度的空间插值方法比较:以青海三江源地区为例.地理研究, 2012, 31(10):1793-1805.[YI X S, LI G S, YIN Y Y, et al. Comparison on soil depth prediction among different spatial interpolation methods:A case study in the three-river headwaters region of Qinghai province. Geographical Research, 2012, 31(10):1793-1805.]
[31]朱里莹,徐姗,兰思仁.中国国家级保护地空间分布特征及国家公园布局建设的启示.地理研究, 2017, 36(2):307-320.[ZHU L Y, XU S, LAN S R. Spatial distribution characteristics of national protected areas and the inspirations to national parks in China. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(2):307-320.]
[32]骆林川,杨德礼,马军.基于层次分析法的城市湿地公园模糊评价分析.科技与管理, 2008, 10(4):18-32.[LUO L C,YANG D L, MA J. Fuzzy synthesis evaluation research on urban wetland park based on AHP. Science-Technology and Management, 2008, 10(4):18-22.]
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[34]吴后建,但新球,舒勇,等.中国国家湿地公园:现状、挑战和对策.湿地科学, 2015, 13(3):306-314.[WU H J, DAN X Q, SHU Y, et al. Status quo, challenges and strategies of national wetland parks in China. Wetland Science, 2015, 13(3):356-363.]
[35]刘红玉,李兆富,李玉凤,等.基于生态约束与支撑作用的国家湿地公园生态可持续评估指标研究.资源科学, 2015,37(4):805-814.[LIU H Y, LI Z F, LI Y F, et al. Evaluation of sustainable capacity of national wetland park ecological analysis based on constraint and support function. Resources Science, 2015, 37(4):805-814.]
[2] PASTOR I M, PEDRE?O J N, GóMEZ I, et al. Detecting drought induced environmental changes in a mediterranean wetland by remote sensing. Applied Geography, 2010, 30(2):254-262.
[3] ZHANG R Q, TANG C J, MA S H, et al. Using Markov chains to analyze changes in wetland trends in arid Yinchuan plain, China. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 2011, 54(3-4):924-930.
[4]王立龙,陆林.湿地公园研究体系构建.生态学报, 2011, 31(17):5081-5095.[WANG L L, LU L. The studying system construction of wetland parks. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2011, 31(17):5081-5095.]
[5] SUMITHA M. Our Unique Wetland Park. Malasia:New Straits Times Press, 2001.
[6] SCHLEYER M H, CELLIERS L. Modelling reef zonation in the Greater St Lucia wetland park, South Africa. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science, 2005, 63(3):373-384.
[7]中华人民共和国国家林业局.国家林业局办公室关于印发《国家湿地公园验收办法(试行)》的通知. http://ysdzw.nmglyt.gov.cn/zcfg_712/201508/t20150821_113062.html, 2015-08-21/2018-02-26.[The State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China. Notice on the state forestry administration office on printing and distributing the inspection and acceptance measures of national wetland parks(trial implementation). http://ysdzw.nmglyt.gov.cn/zcfg_712/201508/t20150821_113062.html, 2015-08-21/2018-02-26.]
[8]张曼胤,崔丽娟,李伟,等.湿地公园建设中的景观设计研究.中国农学通报, 2011, 27(11):292-296.[ZHANG M Y,CUI L J, LI W, et al. Study on the landscape design of the wetland park construction. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011, 27(11):292-296.]
[9] DUAN N, LIU X D, DAI J, et al. Evaluating the environmental impacts of an urban wetland park based on emergy accounting and life cycle assessment:A case study in Beijing. Ecological Modelling, 2011, 222(2):351-359.
[10]吴后建,但新球,刘世好,等.湖南省国家湿地公园保护价值评价.应用生态学报, 2017, 28(1):239-249.[WU H J,DAN X Q, LIU S H, et al. Protection value evaluation of national wetland parks in Hunan province, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017, 1(28):239-249.]
[11]潘竟虎,张建辉.中国国家湿地公园空间分布特征与可接近性.生态学杂志, 2014,(5):1359-1367.[PAN J H,ZHANG J H. Spatial distribution characteristics and accessibility of national wetland parks in China. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2014,(5):1359-1367.]
[12]吴后建,但新球,王隆富,等.中国国家湿地公园的空间分布特征.中南林业科技大学学报, 2015, 35(6):50-57.[WU H J, DAN X Q, WANG L F, et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of national wetland parks in China. Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology, 2015, 35(6):50-57.]
[13]范红蕾,汪芳.两类国家级湿地公园空间分布特征及其影响因素的异同研究.北京大学学报:自然科学版, 2016, 52(3):535-544.[FAN H L, WANG F. Similarities and differences in spatial distribution and its influencing factors of two kinds of national wetland parks in China. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2016, 52(3):535-544.]
[14]中华人民共和国国家林业局.国家林业局关于2015年试点国家湿地公园验收情况的通知. http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/72/content-846648.html, 2015-12-31/2017-12-04.[The State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China. Notice on the State Forestry Administration on the acceptance of the national wetland park in 2015. http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/72/content-846648.html, 2015-12-31/2017-12-04.]
[15]中华人民共和国国家林业局.国家林业局关于2016年试点国家湿地公园验收结果的通知. http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/72/content-901659.html, 2016-08-16/2017-12-04.[The State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China. Notice on the State Forestry Administration on the acceptance of the national wetland park in 2016. http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/72/content-901659.html, 2016-08-16/2017-12-04.]
[16]王立龙,陆林,唐勇,等.中国国家级湿地公园运行现状、区域分布格局与类型划分.生态学报, 2010, 30(9):2406-2415.[WANG L L, LU L, TANG Y, et al. Running status, distribution pattern and type classification of the state-level wetland park in China. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2010, 30(9):2406-2415.]
[17]蒋金亮,徐建刚,吴文佳,等.中国人-地碳源汇系统空间格局演变及其特征分析.自然资源学报, 2014, 29(5):757-768.[JIANG J L, XU J G, WU W J. Patterns and dynamics of China's Human-nature carbon source-sink system. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(5):757-768.]
[18]赵璐,赵作权.基于特征椭圆的中国经济空间分异研究.地理科学, 2014, 34(8):979-986.[ZHAO L, ZHAO Z Q. Projecting the spatial variation of economic based on the specific ellipses in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(8):979-986.]
[19] FISCHER M M, GETIS A. Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis. Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010:27-149.
[20] WANG F H. Quantitative Methods and Applications in GIS. Beijing:The Commercial Press, 2009.
[21]汤国安,杨昕. ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程.北京:科学出版社, 2006.[TANG G A, YANG X. ArcGIS:Spatial Analysis Experiment Course of Geographical Information System. Beijing:Science Press, 2006.]
[22]李旭,陈德广.郑汴一体化地区旅游景区的空间结构分析.河南大学学报:自然科学版, 2011, 41(5):494-499.[LI X,CHENG D G. Analysis of spatial structure of tourist attraction in Zheng-Bian integration region. Journal of Henan University:Natural Science, 2011, 41(5):494-499.]
[23]刘贤赵,张安定,李嘉竹.地理学数学方法.北京:科学出版社, 2009:10-13.[LIU X Z, ZHANG A D, LI J Z. Mathematical Methods in Geography. Beijing:Science Press, 2009:10-13.]
[24]王立龙,陆林.湿地公园研究体系构建.生态学报, 2011, 31(17):5081-5095.[WANG L L, LU L. The studying system construction of wetland parks. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2011, 31(17):5081-5095.]
[25]中华人民共和国国家林业局.国家林业局关于做好湿地公园发展建设工作的通知(林护发[2005]118号).国家林业局公报, 2015,(3):20-22.[The State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China. Notice on the State Forestry Administration on wetland park development and construction work. State Forestry Administration bulletin, 2015,(3):20-22.]
[26]刘通.竞合格局中的沙雅胡杨生态旅游开发研究.上海:华东师范大学, 2010.[LIU T. Research on Shaya's Populus euphratic eco-tourism development in the view of coopetition pattern. Shanghai:East China Normal University, 2010.]
[27] XU H G, WANG S Q, XUE D Y. Biodiversity conservation in China:Legislation, plans and measures. Biodiversity and Conservation, 1999, 8(6):819-837.
[28]戚伟,刘盛和,赵美风.“胡焕庸线”的稳定性及其两侧人口集疏模式差异.地理学报, 2015, 70(4):551-566.[QI W,LIU S H, ZHAO M F. Study on the stability of Hu Line and different spatial patterns of population growth on its both sides. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(4):551-566.]
[29]付励强,孔石,宗诚,等.中国湿地保护区与湿地公园空间分布差异.湿地科学, 2015, 13(3):356-363.[FU L Q,KONG S, ZONG C, et al. The difference of spatial distribution of wetland nature reserves and wetland parks in China.Wetland Science, 2015, 13(3):356-363.]
[30]易湘生,李国胜,尹衍雨,等.土壤厚度的空间插值方法比较:以青海三江源地区为例.地理研究, 2012, 31(10):1793-1805.[YI X S, LI G S, YIN Y Y, et al. Comparison on soil depth prediction among different spatial interpolation methods:A case study in the three-river headwaters region of Qinghai province. Geographical Research, 2012, 31(10):1793-1805.]
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