国家公园游憩功能的实现——武夷山国家公园试点区游客生态系统服务需求和支付意愿
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摘要
引入生态系统服务概念,考察游客作为生态系统服务关键受益人对武夷山国家公园试点区可以提供的生态系统服务作何选择,并对其投资自然资本保障生态系统服务的支付意愿进行初步分析,探讨国家公园试点建设中如何优化旅游,促进保护和公益性功能实现。研究结果显示:(1)游客以文化服务为首选,主要体现在实践性强的生态旅游、较为抽象的文化体验以及较为单纯的美景欣赏三方面,在生态旅游具体需求上会出现选择间的相互竞争;(2)除了净化空气,对供给服务和其他调节服务则需求不大;(3)在免门票假设下,具有支付意愿的游客达到90%以上,然而平均支付意愿没有达到现有门票价格;(4)教育水平和职业对支付意愿的影响最为显著,并与年龄和收入等因子一起形成具有不同支付意愿上的特征人群。因此,武夷山国家公园体制试点建设中,需要积极探索协同多种文化服务供给,大力推动社会参与理念,从根本上提高受益者对生态系统的认知,从受益者需求入手推进国家公园公益性功能的实现。
China's national parks aim to promote conservation and improve public welfare.This research took tourists as one of the key ecosystem services beneficiaries. It used an ecosystem services approach to identify social perceptions and willingness to pay regarding different ecosystem services in the Wusyishan National Park Pilot, in order to find ways to optimise tourism to promote conservation and to improve public welfare in the establishment of the national park system. A social survey was conducted using questionaires focusing on the assessment of the importance of ecosystem services and the willingness to pay, and the data were analysed using weighted scoring, multiple correspondence analysis and optimal scaling regression. Results showed that most respondents recognised the importance of various cultural services, including eco-tourism which is high in practicality, activities to have cultural experience which is rather abstract and enjoying the beautiful scenery; however, there were trade-offs among specific ecosystem services. Tourists thought highly of maintaining air quality and it was the only regulating service that ranked the top five. In addition, they did not choose any provisioning services among the top five important ecosystem services. Under the entry tickets fee waiver hypothesis, more than 90% respondents were willing to pay for maintainance of the ecosystem services, but the average payment of 165.9 yuan/person was less than current ticket price. Willingness to pay was significantly affected by education level and career;together with the impact of age and personal income, clustered groups with certain willingness to pay were identified. These findings indicate that in the development of tourism in national parks, managers should focus on securing typical cultural ecosystem services regarding tradeoffs in demand from different tourist groups. They also should improve the public's awareness of the chracteristics of ecosystems to facilitate their active participation in conservation.
China's national parks aim to promote conservation and improve public welfare.This research took tourists as one of the key ecosystem services beneficiaries. It used an ecosystem services approach to identify social perceptions and willingness to pay regarding different ecosystem services in the Wusyishan National Park Pilot, in order to find ways to optimise tourism to promote conservation and to improve public welfare in the establishment of the national park system. A social survey was conducted using questionaires focusing on the assessment of the importance of ecosystem services and the willingness to pay, and the data were analysed using weighted scoring, multiple correspondence analysis and optimal scaling regression. Results showed that most respondents recognised the importance of various cultural services, including eco-tourism which is high in practicality, activities to have cultural experience which is rather abstract and enjoying the beautiful scenery; however, there were trade-offs among specific ecosystem services. Tourists thought highly of maintaining air quality and it was the only regulating service that ranked the top five. In addition, they did not choose any provisioning services among the top five important ecosystem services. Under the entry tickets fee waiver hypothesis, more than 90% respondents were willing to pay for maintainance of the ecosystem services, but the average payment of 165.9 yuan/person was less than current ticket price. Willingness to pay was significantly affected by education level and career;together with the impact of age and personal income, clustered groups with certain willingness to pay were identified. These findings indicate that in the development of tourism in national parks, managers should focus on securing typical cultural ecosystem services regarding tradeoffs in demand from different tourist groups. They also should improve the public's awareness of the chracteristics of ecosystems to facilitate their active participation in conservation.
引文
[1] FROST W, HALL M. Tourism and National Parks:International Perspectives on Development, Histories and Change.London:Routledge, 2009:30-44.
[2] ROSENBERG A A, MCLEOD K L. Implementing ecosystem-based approaches to management for the conservation of ecosystem services. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2005, 300:270-274.
[3] RUNTE A. Reply to Sellars. Journal of Forest History, 1983, 27(3):135-141.
[4] COLE D N, LANDRES P B. Threats to wilderness ecosystems:Impacts and research needs. Ecological Applications,1996, 6:168-184.
[5] G?SSLING S. Ecotourism:A means to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem functions?. Ecological Economics, 1999,29(2):303-320.
[6] ZHOU Y, BUESCHING C D, NEWMAN C. et al. Balancing the benefits of ecotourism and development:The effects of visitor trail-use on mammals in a protected area in rapidly developing China. Biological Conservation, 2013, 165:18-24.
[7] BELTRAME C, COHEN-SHACHAM E, TROUILLET M. et al. Exploring the links between local management and conservation applying the ecosystem services concept:Conservation and tourism service in Camargue, France. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services&Management, 2013, 9:166-177.
[8] ZODERER B M, TASSER E, ERB K H. et al. Identifying and mapping the tourists perception of cultural ecosystem services:A case study from an Alpine region. Land Use Policy, 2016, 56:251-261.
[9] ALLENDORF T D, YANG J. The role of ecosystem services in park-people relationships:The case of Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve in Southwest China. Biological Conservation, 2013, 167:187-193.
[10] LINDEMANN-MATTHIES P, KELLER D, LI X, et al. Attitudes toward forest diversity and forest ecosystem services:A cross-cultural comparison between China and Switzerland. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 7(1):1-9.
[11] PAN Y, MARSHALL S, MALTBY L. Prioritising ecosystem services in Chinese rural and urban communities. Ecosystem Services, 2016, 21:1-5.
[12] WEI J. Ecosystem services research in China:A critical review. Ecosystem Services, 2017, 26:10-16.
[13] BARAL H, KEENAN R J, SHARMA S K. Spatial assessment of ecosystem goods and services in complex production landscape:A case study from South-eastern Australia. Ecological Complexity, 2014, 13:35-45.
[14] DAW T M, COULTHARD S, CHEUNG W W L, et al. Evaluating taboo trade-off in ecosystems services and human well-being. PNAS, 2015, 112:6949-6954.
[15] MAES J, PARACCHINI M L, ZULIAN G. Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services supply, biodiversity,and habitat conservation status in Europe. Biological Conservation, 2012, 155:1-12.
[16] XU J C, MELICK D R. Rethinking the effectiveness of public protected areas in Southwestern China. Conservation Biology, 2007, 21(2):318-328.
[17]汪德根, ALAN A L.国家公园“门票经济”的公益性回归与管理体制改革.旅游学刊, 2015, 30(5):11-13.[WANG D G, ALAN A L. The return of public benefit in ticket economy of national park and the reform of management system.Tourism Tribune, 2015, 30(5):11-13.]
[18] HAN F, YANG Z P, WANG H, et al. Estimating willingness to pay for environment conservation:A contingent valuation study of Kanas Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2011, 180:451-459.
[19] WANG P W, JIA J B. Tourists'willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation and environment protection, Dalai Lake protected area:Implications for entrance fee and sustainable management. Ocean&Coastal Management, 2012, 62:24-33.
[20]许丽忠,张江山,王菲凤,等.熵权多目的地TCM模型及其在游憩资源旅游价值评估中的应用:以武夷山景区为例.自然资源学报, 2007, 22(1):28-36.[XU L Z, ZHANG J S, WANG F F, et al. Principles and application of using entropy-weight-based multiple-destination Travel Cost Method to evaluate the tourism value of recreation resources:A case study of Wuyishan. Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(1):28-36.]
[21]王英姿,何东进,洪伟,等.武夷山风景名胜区森林生态系统公共服务功能评估.江西农业大学学报, 2006, 28(3):409-414.[WANG Y Z, HE D J, HONG W, et al. Evaluation of forest ecosystem services of Wuyishan scenery district.Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2006, 28(3):409-414.]
[22]王洪翠,吴承祯,洪伟,等.武夷山风景名胜区生态系统服务价值评价.安全与环境学报, 2006, 6(2):53-56.[WANG H C, WU C Z, HONG W, et al. Estimation for value of ecosystem services in Wuyishan Scenery District. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2006, 6(2):53-56.]
[23]许纪泉,钟全林.武夷山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估.林业资源管理, 2007,(3):77-81.[XU J Q,ZHONG Q L. Evaluation of the forest ecosystem service functions for tourism in Wuyi Mountains. Forest Resources Management, 2007,(3):77-81.]
[24]武夷山国家公园体制试点区试点实施方案, 2016.[Implementation Plan of the Wuyishan National Park Pilot, 2016.]
[25]武夷山市旅游局.武夷山市2015年1-12月份旅游经济运行情况分析.(2016年10月). 2016-01-11. http://www.wuyishan.gov.cn/Articles/20160426/20160426111425351.html.[The Tourism Bureau of Wuyishan. Analysis of tourism economy in Wuyishan in 1-12 of 2015.(Oct. 2016). 2016-01-11.]
[26]武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会2015年财务预算.(2016年10月). 2015-11-17. http://www.whwy.org/News/Info.asp?infoid=1468.[Management Committee of the Wuyishan Scenic Area. Financial budget for 2015.(Oct. 2016). 2015-11-17.]
[27] COSTANZA R, DE GROOT R, SUTTON P, et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 2014,(26):152-158.
[28] GARCíA-NIETOA A P, GARCíA-LLORENTEA M, INIESTA-ARANDIAA I, et al. Mapping forest ecosystem services:From providing units to beneficiaries. Ecosystem Services, 2013, 4:126-138.
[29]石玲,马炜,孙玉军,等.基于游客支付意愿的生态补偿经济价值评估:以武汉素山寺国家森林公园为例.长江流域资源与环境, 2014, 23(2):180-188.[SHI L, MA W, SUN Y J, et al. Economic evaluation of eco-compensation based on tourists'willingness-to-pay:A case study of Sushansi national forest park, Wuhan, China. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2014, 23(2):180-188.]
[30]福建新闻网.武夷山去年旅游门票收入近3亿.(2016年10月). 2016-03-24. http://www.fj.chinanews.com/news/2016/2016-03-24/339321.shtml.[Fujian News:300 million income from Wuyishan last year(Oct 2016).]
[31] Queensland, Official records of the debates of the Legislative Council Legislative Assembly. 1906, 98:1514.
[32]陈耀华.中国自然文化遗产的价值体系及其保护利用.北京:北京大学出版社, 2014.[CHEN Y H. The Value System and Its Protection and Utilization of Natural and Cultural Heritage in China. Beijing:Peking University Press, 2014.]
[33] DE GROOT R S, ALKEMADE R, BRAAT L, et al. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision-making. Ecological Complexity, 2010, 7:260-272.
[34] HOWARD P. Heritage:Management, Interpretation, Identit. London and New York:Continuum, 2003.
[35] WALL G. Outdoor recreation and the Canadian identity, in WALL G. and MARSH J.(eds.)Recreational Land Use:Perspectives on its Evolution in Canada. Ottawa:University of Carlton Press, 1984:418-434.
[36]李俊生,朱彦鹏.国家公园资金保障机制探讨.环境保护, 2015, 43(14):38-40.[LI J S, ZHU Y P. Discussion on national park funds safeguard mechanism. Environmental Protection, 2015, 43(14):38-40.]
[37]陈耀华,黄丹,颜思琦.论国家公园的公益性、国家主导性和科学性.地理科学, 2014, 34(3):257-264.[CHEN Y H,HUANG D, YAN S Q. Discussions on public welfare, state dominance and scientificity of national park. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(3):257-264.]
[38] CASTRO A J, MARTíN-LóPEZC B, GARCíA-LLORENTEC M, et al. Social preferences regarding the delivery of ecosystem services in a semiarid Mediterranean region. Journal of Arid Environments, 2011, 75:1201-1208.
[2] ROSENBERG A A, MCLEOD K L. Implementing ecosystem-based approaches to management for the conservation of ecosystem services. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2005, 300:270-274.
[3] RUNTE A. Reply to Sellars. Journal of Forest History, 1983, 27(3):135-141.
[4] COLE D N, LANDRES P B. Threats to wilderness ecosystems:Impacts and research needs. Ecological Applications,1996, 6:168-184.
[5] G?SSLING S. Ecotourism:A means to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem functions?. Ecological Economics, 1999,29(2):303-320.
[6] ZHOU Y, BUESCHING C D, NEWMAN C. et al. Balancing the benefits of ecotourism and development:The effects of visitor trail-use on mammals in a protected area in rapidly developing China. Biological Conservation, 2013, 165:18-24.
[7] BELTRAME C, COHEN-SHACHAM E, TROUILLET M. et al. Exploring the links between local management and conservation applying the ecosystem services concept:Conservation and tourism service in Camargue, France. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services&Management, 2013, 9:166-177.
[8] ZODERER B M, TASSER E, ERB K H. et al. Identifying and mapping the tourists perception of cultural ecosystem services:A case study from an Alpine region. Land Use Policy, 2016, 56:251-261.
[9] ALLENDORF T D, YANG J. The role of ecosystem services in park-people relationships:The case of Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve in Southwest China. Biological Conservation, 2013, 167:187-193.
[10] LINDEMANN-MATTHIES P, KELLER D, LI X, et al. Attitudes toward forest diversity and forest ecosystem services:A cross-cultural comparison between China and Switzerland. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 7(1):1-9.
[11] PAN Y, MARSHALL S, MALTBY L. Prioritising ecosystem services in Chinese rural and urban communities. Ecosystem Services, 2016, 21:1-5.
[12] WEI J. Ecosystem services research in China:A critical review. Ecosystem Services, 2017, 26:10-16.
[13] BARAL H, KEENAN R J, SHARMA S K. Spatial assessment of ecosystem goods and services in complex production landscape:A case study from South-eastern Australia. Ecological Complexity, 2014, 13:35-45.
[14] DAW T M, COULTHARD S, CHEUNG W W L, et al. Evaluating taboo trade-off in ecosystems services and human well-being. PNAS, 2015, 112:6949-6954.
[15] MAES J, PARACCHINI M L, ZULIAN G. Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services supply, biodiversity,and habitat conservation status in Europe. Biological Conservation, 2012, 155:1-12.
[16] XU J C, MELICK D R. Rethinking the effectiveness of public protected areas in Southwestern China. Conservation Biology, 2007, 21(2):318-328.
[17]汪德根, ALAN A L.国家公园“门票经济”的公益性回归与管理体制改革.旅游学刊, 2015, 30(5):11-13.[WANG D G, ALAN A L. The return of public benefit in ticket economy of national park and the reform of management system.Tourism Tribune, 2015, 30(5):11-13.]
[18] HAN F, YANG Z P, WANG H, et al. Estimating willingness to pay for environment conservation:A contingent valuation study of Kanas Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2011, 180:451-459.
[19] WANG P W, JIA J B. Tourists'willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation and environment protection, Dalai Lake protected area:Implications for entrance fee and sustainable management. Ocean&Coastal Management, 2012, 62:24-33.
[20]许丽忠,张江山,王菲凤,等.熵权多目的地TCM模型及其在游憩资源旅游价值评估中的应用:以武夷山景区为例.自然资源学报, 2007, 22(1):28-36.[XU L Z, ZHANG J S, WANG F F, et al. Principles and application of using entropy-weight-based multiple-destination Travel Cost Method to evaluate the tourism value of recreation resources:A case study of Wuyishan. Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(1):28-36.]
[21]王英姿,何东进,洪伟,等.武夷山风景名胜区森林生态系统公共服务功能评估.江西农业大学学报, 2006, 28(3):409-414.[WANG Y Z, HE D J, HONG W, et al. Evaluation of forest ecosystem services of Wuyishan scenery district.Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2006, 28(3):409-414.]
[22]王洪翠,吴承祯,洪伟,等.武夷山风景名胜区生态系统服务价值评价.安全与环境学报, 2006, 6(2):53-56.[WANG H C, WU C Z, HONG W, et al. Estimation for value of ecosystem services in Wuyishan Scenery District. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2006, 6(2):53-56.]
[23]许纪泉,钟全林.武夷山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估.林业资源管理, 2007,(3):77-81.[XU J Q,ZHONG Q L. Evaluation of the forest ecosystem service functions for tourism in Wuyi Mountains. Forest Resources Management, 2007,(3):77-81.]
[24]武夷山国家公园体制试点区试点实施方案, 2016.[Implementation Plan of the Wuyishan National Park Pilot, 2016.]
[25]武夷山市旅游局.武夷山市2015年1-12月份旅游经济运行情况分析.(2016年10月). 2016-01-11. http://www.wuyishan.gov.cn/Articles/20160426/20160426111425351.html.[The Tourism Bureau of Wuyishan. Analysis of tourism economy in Wuyishan in 1-12 of 2015.(Oct. 2016). 2016-01-11.]
[26]武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会2015年财务预算.(2016年10月). 2015-11-17. http://www.whwy.org/News/Info.asp?infoid=1468.[Management Committee of the Wuyishan Scenic Area. Financial budget for 2015.(Oct. 2016). 2015-11-17.]
[27] COSTANZA R, DE GROOT R, SUTTON P, et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 2014,(26):152-158.
[28] GARCíA-NIETOA A P, GARCíA-LLORENTEA M, INIESTA-ARANDIAA I, et al. Mapping forest ecosystem services:From providing units to beneficiaries. Ecosystem Services, 2013, 4:126-138.
[29]石玲,马炜,孙玉军,等.基于游客支付意愿的生态补偿经济价值评估:以武汉素山寺国家森林公园为例.长江流域资源与环境, 2014, 23(2):180-188.[SHI L, MA W, SUN Y J, et al. Economic evaluation of eco-compensation based on tourists'willingness-to-pay:A case study of Sushansi national forest park, Wuhan, China. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2014, 23(2):180-188.]
[30]福建新闻网.武夷山去年旅游门票收入近3亿.(2016年10月). 2016-03-24. http://www.fj.chinanews.com/news/2016/2016-03-24/339321.shtml.[Fujian News:300 million income from Wuyishan last year(Oct 2016).]
[31] Queensland, Official records of the debates of the Legislative Council Legislative Assembly. 1906, 98:1514.
[32]陈耀华.中国自然文化遗产的价值体系及其保护利用.北京:北京大学出版社, 2014.[CHEN Y H. The Value System and Its Protection and Utilization of Natural and Cultural Heritage in China. Beijing:Peking University Press, 2014.]
[33] DE GROOT R S, ALKEMADE R, BRAAT L, et al. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision-making. Ecological Complexity, 2010, 7:260-272.
[34] HOWARD P. Heritage:Management, Interpretation, Identit. London and New York:Continuum, 2003.
[35] WALL G. Outdoor recreation and the Canadian identity, in WALL G. and MARSH J.(eds.)Recreational Land Use:Perspectives on its Evolution in Canada. Ottawa:University of Carlton Press, 1984:418-434.
[36]李俊生,朱彦鹏.国家公园资金保障机制探讨.环境保护, 2015, 43(14):38-40.[LI J S, ZHU Y P. Discussion on national park funds safeguard mechanism. Environmental Protection, 2015, 43(14):38-40.]
[37]陈耀华,黄丹,颜思琦.论国家公园的公益性、国家主导性和科学性.地理科学, 2014, 34(3):257-264.[CHEN Y H,HUANG D, YAN S Q. Discussions on public welfare, state dominance and scientificity of national park. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(3):257-264.]
[38] CASTRO A J, MARTíN-LóPEZC B, GARCíA-LLORENTEC M, et al. Social preferences regarding the delivery of ecosystem services in a semiarid Mediterranean region. Journal of Arid Environments, 2011, 75:1201-1208.