减氮配施有机物质对土壤氮素淋失的调控作用
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摘要
采用室内土柱模拟试验方法,研究不同氮肥施用下1m土体中氮素的分布和移动特征,揭示土壤氮素动态变化规律。结果表明:FN(农民习惯施无机氮用量)、RN(根据土壤养分供应和作物需求确定的推荐无机氮用量)显著增加了土壤上层NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N向下层淋失。RN+HA(与推荐无机氮纯养分相等的锌腐酸尿素)和RN40%+OMB(推荐无机氮肥减60%基础上配施自制有机调理物质)可延长上层土壤NH_4~+-N峰值出现时间,降低下层NH_4~+-N。淋溶结束后,等氮量下增施HA较RN降低60cm以下NH_4~+-N残留29.7%～54.2%;降低60—80cm NO_3~--N累积17.4%。RN40%+OMB处理无机氮肥用量最小,0—20cm的NH_4~+-N最高,40—100cm稳定在2.0mg/kg左右;0—20,20—40cm土层NO_3~--N较RN+HA增加12.3%和2.0%,显著降低40cm以下NO_3~--N残留。RN+HA和RN40%+OMB较RN的土壤总无机氮残留分别减少7.4%和20.2%,降低表观淋失率。因此,RN40%+OMB可较好地抑制氮素下移,降低氮素淋失风险,为减少氮素淋失、明确合理氮肥施用方式提供科学依据。
The distribution and movement features of nitrogen in 1msoil layer under different nitrogen fertilizer application were studied through artificial soil column simulation experiment in laboratory to reveal the dynamic changes of nitrogen in farmland soil.Results indicated that FN(the amount of inorganic nitrogen used by farmers)and RN(inorganic nitrogen dosage recommended by soil nutrient supply and crop demand)significantly increased the leaching of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N from upper soil layer to lower soil layer.The treatments of RN+HA(zinc humic acid urea equivalent to the recommended inorganic nitrogen with RN)and RN40%+OMB(60%inorganic nitrogen fertilizer of RN with homemade organic substances)could prolong the peak time of NH_4~+-N in the upper soil layer and reduce the NH_4~+-N in the lower soil layer.At the end of leaching experiment,comparing with RN,the application of humic acid(HA)decreased the NH_4~+-N residue by 29.7%～54.2%in the soil layer below 60cm under the same amount of nitrogen,and reduced the accumulation of NO_3~--N by 17.4%in 60-80cm soil layer.In RN 40%+OMB treatment,the dosage of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer was the minimum,and NH_4~+-N was the highest in 0-20cm soil layer and it was stable at 2.0mg/kg in 40-100cm soil layer.Comparing with RN+HA,NO_3~--N in 0-20cm and 20-40cm soil layer in this treatment increased by 12.3%and 2.0%,respectively,and the NO_3~--N residue in the soil layer lower than 40cm was significantly reduced.Contrasted with RN,the total inorganic nitrogen residue of RN+HA and RN40%+OMB decreased by 7.4%and 20.2%,respectively,and the apparent leaching rate was decreased.Therefore,RN40%+OMB could inhibite the downward movement of nitrogen and reduce the risk of nitrogen leaching,and these results provide a scientific basis for reducing the nitrogen leaching.
The distribution and movement features of nitrogen in 1msoil layer under different nitrogen fertilizer application were studied through artificial soil column simulation experiment in laboratory to reveal the dynamic changes of nitrogen in farmland soil.Results indicated that FN(the amount of inorganic nitrogen used by farmers)and RN(inorganic nitrogen dosage recommended by soil nutrient supply and crop demand)significantly increased the leaching of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N from upper soil layer to lower soil layer.The treatments of RN+HA(zinc humic acid urea equivalent to the recommended inorganic nitrogen with RN)and RN40%+OMB(60%inorganic nitrogen fertilizer of RN with homemade organic substances)could prolong the peak time of NH_4~+-N in the upper soil layer and reduce the NH_4~+-N in the lower soil layer.At the end of leaching experiment,comparing with RN,the application of humic acid(HA)decreased the NH_4~+-N residue by 29.7%～54.2%in the soil layer below 60cm under the same amount of nitrogen,and reduced the accumulation of NO_3~--N by 17.4%in 60-80cm soil layer.In RN 40%+OMB treatment,the dosage of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer was the minimum,and NH_4~+-N was the highest in 0-20cm soil layer and it was stable at 2.0mg/kg in 40-100cm soil layer.Comparing with RN+HA,NO_3~--N in 0-20cm and 20-40cm soil layer in this treatment increased by 12.3%and 2.0%,respectively,and the NO_3~--N residue in the soil layer lower than 40cm was significantly reduced.Contrasted with RN,the total inorganic nitrogen residue of RN+HA and RN40%+OMB decreased by 7.4%and 20.2%,respectively,and the apparent leaching rate was decreased.Therefore,RN40%+OMB could inhibite the downward movement of nitrogen and reduce the risk of nitrogen leaching,and these results provide a scientific basis for reducing the nitrogen leaching.
引文
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[14]辛思颖,翁玲云,吕敏娟,等.施氮量对冬小麦-夏玉米土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):257-263,269.
[15]赵斌,王红,周大迈,等.片麻岩新成土中氮素淋溶迁移的模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(1):17-21,70.
[16]黄绍敏,张鸿程,宝德俊,等.施肥对土壤硝态氮含量及分布的影响及合理施肥研究[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(3):201-203.
[17] Mosier A R,Halvorson A D,Reule C A,et al.Net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in irrigated copping systems in northeastern Colorado[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2006,35:1584-1598.
[18]张千丰,元野,刘居东,等.室内模拟:生物炭对白浆土和黑土中氮素淋溶的影响[J].土壤与作物,2013,6(2):88-96.
[19]孙波,王兴祥,张桃林.红壤养分淋失的影响因子[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(3):257-262.
[20]舒晓晓,李迎春,王艳群,等.氮肥配施调控剂对麦田土壤N2O排放及氮素利用的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2016,39(5):30-36,56.
[2]马少云,刘亚男,王艳群,等.河北省高产小麦-玉米轮作系统生境特征及养分平衡研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2015,38(1):8-13,47.
[3]侯云鹏,孔丽丽,李前,等.滴灌施氮对春玉米氮素吸收、土壤无机氮含量及氮素平衡的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):238-245.
[4] Ju X T,Kou C L,Zhang F S,et al.Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination:Comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,143:117-125.
[5] Gao W,Howarth R W,Swaney D P,et al.Enhanced N input to Lake Dianchi Basin from 1980to 2010:Drivers and consequences[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,505:376-384.
[6]习斌,翟丽梅,刘申,等.有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):326-335.
[7]李丹,孙志梅,王艳群,等.有机组分对N素在砂壤土中淋溶运移的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(3):23-26.
[8]崔振岭,陈新平,张福锁,等.华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤硝态氮的适宜含量[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(10):2227-2232.
[9]朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783.
[10]宁建凤,邹献中,杨少海,等.有机无机氮肥配施对土壤氮淋失及油麦菜生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):95-100.
[11]温延臣,张曰东,袁亮,等.商品有机肥替代化肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(11):2136-2142.
[12]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:264-268.
[13]朱兆良,文孝启.中国土壤氮素[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1992:213-249.
[14]辛思颖,翁玲云,吕敏娟,等.施氮量对冬小麦-夏玉米土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):257-263,269.
[15]赵斌,王红,周大迈,等.片麻岩新成土中氮素淋溶迁移的模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(1):17-21,70.
[16]黄绍敏,张鸿程,宝德俊,等.施肥对土壤硝态氮含量及分布的影响及合理施肥研究[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(3):201-203.
[17] Mosier A R,Halvorson A D,Reule C A,et al.Net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in irrigated copping systems in northeastern Colorado[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2006,35:1584-1598.
[18]张千丰,元野,刘居东,等.室内模拟:生物炭对白浆土和黑土中氮素淋溶的影响[J].土壤与作物,2013,6(2):88-96.
[19]孙波,王兴祥,张桃林.红壤养分淋失的影响因子[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(3):257-262.
[20]舒晓晓,李迎春,王艳群,等.氮肥配施调控剂对麦田土壤N2O排放及氮素利用的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2016,39(5):30-36,56.