当代中国留欧学生新媒体使用与文化适应研究
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摘要
论文以留学欧洲的中国学生为研究对象,采用问卷调查和访谈相结合的方法,对当代中国留欧学生新媒体消费的主要类型、新媒体消费内容及原因、新媒体对当代中国留欧学生文化适应的影响等问题进行了分析研究。研究发现:社交媒体是留学生群体使用最频繁的新媒体类型;大部分留学生群体在东道国的媒体消费沿袭了出国前的习惯,对中文媒体内容消费比东道国媒体内容多,但全球性的媒体内容也构成了其媒体消费的一部分;社交媒体对留学生文化适应的初期阶段起到了积极作用,缓解了文化冲击和孤独感,但同时社交媒体的使用也阻碍了中国留欧学生进一步融入东道国社会,造成疏离东道国文化的媒体消费和文化适应策略,甚至带来一些人身安全隐患。
Based on the results of a questionnaire survey combined with interviews, this article examines the consumption of new media among Chinese students in contemporary Europe. The findings show that social media are the most frequently-used new media among those Chinese students. A majority of the students continue their habits and consume Chinese-language media more than the media of their host countries. However, the media content that they consume is part of the globalized media. On the one hand, social media functions positively in the sense of helping Chinese students ease culture shock and adapt to their new life at an early stage. On the other hand, it also excludes Chinese students from local cultures and thus prevents them from integrating into the host societies.
Based on the results of a questionnaire survey combined with interviews, this article examines the consumption of new media among Chinese students in contemporary Europe. The findings show that social media are the most frequently-used new media among those Chinese students. A majority of the students continue their habits and consume Chinese-language media more than the media of their host countries. However, the media content that they consume is part of the globalized media. On the one hand, social media functions positively in the sense of helping Chinese students ease culture shock and adapt to their new life at an early stage. On the other hand, it also excludes Chinese students from local cultures and thus prevents them from integrating into the host societies.
引文
(1)在笔者收集问卷期间该群名称为“PETD欧洲分舵”,之后由于一些原因该群更改了群名称。
(1)所有参与焦点小组的成员均使用英文字母进行匿名处理,下文同。
[1]Samers,M.,“Migration”,John Agnew,The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Political Geography,New York:Routledge,2010,pp.478-492.
[2]教育优选:《2017中国出国留学发展趋势报告》,http://www.eol.cn/html/lx/report2017/yi.shtml,2018年9月10日浏览;中国与全球化智库:《中国留学发展报告(2016)》,http://www.ccg.org.cn/Research/View.aspx?Id=5418#_Toc462933302,2018年9月10日浏览。
[3]朱佳妮:《中国出国留学生教育适应状况的研究》,上海交通大学硕士论文,2008年;刘莉莎:《中国海外留学生跨文化适应研究》,辽宁师范大学硕士论文,2008年;徐琼:《在日中国留学生异文化适应的社会人类学研究》,《西南大学学报》(社会科学版)2008年第4期;丁夏:《中国留学生成人依恋多元文化人格和跨文化适应关系研究》,华东师范大学硕士论文,2015年;Yin,H.,“Chinese-language Cyberspace,Homeland Media and Ethnic Media:A Contested Space for Being Chinese”,New Media&Society,Vol.17,No.4,2015;郑雪、王磊:《中国留学生的文化认同、社会取向与主观幸福感》,《心理发展与教育》2005年第1期;Biao,X.&Shen,W.,“International Student Migration and Social Stratification in China”,International Journal of Educational Development,Vol.29,No.5,2009。
[4][37]Kline S.L.&Liu,F.,“The Influence of Comparative Media Use on Acculturation,Acculturative Stress,and Family Relationships of Chinese International Student”,International Journal of Intercultural Relations,Vol.29,No.4,2005.
[5]Yin,H.,“Chinese-language Cyberspace,Homeland Media and Ethnic Media:A Contested Space for Being Chinese”;Kline S.L.&Liu,F.,“The Influence of Comparative Media Use on Acculturation,Acculturative Stress,and Family Relationships of Chinese International Student”;任雁:《“文化迁徙”背景下中国留学社交媒体使用的“两栖”性研究》,山东大学硕士论文,2015年。
[6]教育优选:《2017中国出国留学发展趋势报告》,http://www.eol.cn/html/lx/report2017/yi.shtml,2018年9月10日浏览。
[7][32]新东方网:《2017中国留学白皮书正式发布最新数据抢先看》,http://goabroad.xdf.cn/201705/10658850.html,2018年9月10日浏览。
[8][9]Appadurai,A.,“Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy”,Theory,Culture&Society,Vol.7,No.2-3,1990.
[10][14][39]Rantanen,T.,The Media and Globalization,London:Sage Publications,2005,pp.78-79,96-98,124.
[11][33]Straubhaar,J.D.,“Beyond Media Imperialism:Asymmetrical Interdependence and Cultural Proximity”,Critical Studies in Mass Communication,Vol.8,No.1,1991.
[12]Beck,U.,What is Globalization?Cambridge:Polity Press,1997,pp.72-73.
[13][28]任雁:《“文化迁徙”背景下中国留学社交媒体使用的“两栖”性研究》,山东大学硕士论文,2015年。
[15][20][41]Berry,W.J.,“Acculturation:living Successfully in Two Cultures”,International Journal of Intercultural Relations,Vol.29,No.6,2005.
[16][38]Forbush E.&Brooke F.,“Social Media Use and Adaptation among Chinese Students Beginning to Study in the United States”,International Journal of Intercultural Relations,Vol.50,2016.
[17][18]Oberg,K.,“Culture Shock:Adjustment to New Cultural Environments”,Practical Anthropology,Vol.7,No.2,1960.
[19][40]Berry,W.J.,“Immigration,Acculturation,and Adaptation”,Applied Psychology:An International Review,Vol.46,No.1,1997.
[21]武斌:《当代留学生与海外华人社会:关于英国诺丁汉华人社会的实证研究》,《华侨华人历史研究》2015年第2期。
[22][24]Ye,J.L.,“Traditional and Online Support Networks in the Cross-cultural Adaptation of Chinese International Students in the United States”,Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,Vol.11,No.3,2006.
[23]Adelman,M.,“Cross-cultural Adjustment:A Theoretical Perspective on Social Support”,International Journal of Intercultural Relations,Vol.12,No.3,1988.
[25]Shuter,R.,“Intercultural New Media Studies:The Next Frontier in Intercultural Communication”,Journal of Intercultural Communication Research,Vol.41,No.3,2012.
[26]Adikari,S.,&Adu,E.K.,“Usage of Online Social Networks in Cultural Adaptation”,2015,http://www.pacisnet.org/file/2015/3101.pdf,2018年9月10日浏览。
[27]Srinivas R.Melkote,&D.J.Liu,“The Role of the Internet in Forging a Pluralistic Integration:A Study of Chinese Intellectuals in the United States”,Gazette,Vol.62,No.6,2000.
[29]Vicsek,L.,“Improving Data Quality and Avoiding Pitfalls of Online Text-Based Focus Groups:A Practical Guide”,The Qualitative Report,Vol.21,No.7,2016.
[30][31]转引自陈慧、车宏生、朱敏:《跨文化适应影响因素研究述评》,《心理科学进展》2003年第6期。
[34][35]Edmunds J.&Turner,B.S.,“Global Generations:Social Change in the Twentieth Century”,The British Journal of Sociology,Vol.56,No.4,2005.
[36]Black,J.S.,“Locus of Control,Social Support,Stress,and Adjustment in International Transfers”,Asian Pacifi c Journal of Management,Vol.7,No.1,1990.
(1)所有参与焦点小组的成员均使用英文字母进行匿名处理,下文同。
[1]Samers,M.,“Migration”,John Agnew,The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Political Geography,New York:Routledge,2010,pp.478-492.
[2]教育优选:《2017中国出国留学发展趋势报告》,http://www.eol.cn/html/lx/report2017/yi.shtml,2018年9月10日浏览;中国与全球化智库:《中国留学发展报告(2016)》,http://www.ccg.org.cn/Research/View.aspx?Id=5418#_Toc462933302,2018年9月10日浏览。
[3]朱佳妮:《中国出国留学生教育适应状况的研究》,上海交通大学硕士论文,2008年;刘莉莎:《中国海外留学生跨文化适应研究》,辽宁师范大学硕士论文,2008年;徐琼:《在日中国留学生异文化适应的社会人类学研究》,《西南大学学报》(社会科学版)2008年第4期;丁夏:《中国留学生成人依恋多元文化人格和跨文化适应关系研究》,华东师范大学硕士论文,2015年;Yin,H.,“Chinese-language Cyberspace,Homeland Media and Ethnic Media:A Contested Space for Being Chinese”,New Media&Society,Vol.17,No.4,2015;郑雪、王磊:《中国留学生的文化认同、社会取向与主观幸福感》,《心理发展与教育》2005年第1期;Biao,X.&Shen,W.,“International Student Migration and Social Stratification in China”,International Journal of Educational Development,Vol.29,No.5,2009。
[4][37]Kline S.L.&Liu,F.,“The Influence of Comparative Media Use on Acculturation,Acculturative Stress,and Family Relationships of Chinese International Student”,International Journal of Intercultural Relations,Vol.29,No.4,2005.
[5]Yin,H.,“Chinese-language Cyberspace,Homeland Media and Ethnic Media:A Contested Space for Being Chinese”;Kline S.L.&Liu,F.,“The Influence of Comparative Media Use on Acculturation,Acculturative Stress,and Family Relationships of Chinese International Student”;任雁:《“文化迁徙”背景下中国留学社交媒体使用的“两栖”性研究》,山东大学硕士论文,2015年。
[6]教育优选:《2017中国出国留学发展趋势报告》,http://www.eol.cn/html/lx/report2017/yi.shtml,2018年9月10日浏览。
[7][32]新东方网:《2017中国留学白皮书正式发布最新数据抢先看》,http://goabroad.xdf.cn/201705/10658850.html,2018年9月10日浏览。
[8][9]Appadurai,A.,“Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy”,Theory,Culture&Society,Vol.7,No.2-3,1990.
[10][14][39]Rantanen,T.,The Media and Globalization,London:Sage Publications,2005,pp.78-79,96-98,124.
[11][33]Straubhaar,J.D.,“Beyond Media Imperialism:Asymmetrical Interdependence and Cultural Proximity”,Critical Studies in Mass Communication,Vol.8,No.1,1991.
[12]Beck,U.,What is Globalization?Cambridge:Polity Press,1997,pp.72-73.
[13][28]任雁:《“文化迁徙”背景下中国留学社交媒体使用的“两栖”性研究》,山东大学硕士论文,2015年。
[15][20][41]Berry,W.J.,“Acculturation:living Successfully in Two Cultures”,International Journal of Intercultural Relations,Vol.29,No.6,2005.
[16][38]Forbush E.&Brooke F.,“Social Media Use and Adaptation among Chinese Students Beginning to Study in the United States”,International Journal of Intercultural Relations,Vol.50,2016.
[17][18]Oberg,K.,“Culture Shock:Adjustment to New Cultural Environments”,Practical Anthropology,Vol.7,No.2,1960.
[19][40]Berry,W.J.,“Immigration,Acculturation,and Adaptation”,Applied Psychology:An International Review,Vol.46,No.1,1997.
[21]武斌:《当代留学生与海外华人社会:关于英国诺丁汉华人社会的实证研究》,《华侨华人历史研究》2015年第2期。
[22][24]Ye,J.L.,“Traditional and Online Support Networks in the Cross-cultural Adaptation of Chinese International Students in the United States”,Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,Vol.11,No.3,2006.
[23]Adelman,M.,“Cross-cultural Adjustment:A Theoretical Perspective on Social Support”,International Journal of Intercultural Relations,Vol.12,No.3,1988.
[25]Shuter,R.,“Intercultural New Media Studies:The Next Frontier in Intercultural Communication”,Journal of Intercultural Communication Research,Vol.41,No.3,2012.
[26]Adikari,S.,&Adu,E.K.,“Usage of Online Social Networks in Cultural Adaptation”,2015,http://www.pacisnet.org/file/2015/3101.pdf,2018年9月10日浏览。
[27]Srinivas R.Melkote,&D.J.Liu,“The Role of the Internet in Forging a Pluralistic Integration:A Study of Chinese Intellectuals in the United States”,Gazette,Vol.62,No.6,2000.
[29]Vicsek,L.,“Improving Data Quality and Avoiding Pitfalls of Online Text-Based Focus Groups:A Practical Guide”,The Qualitative Report,Vol.21,No.7,2016.
[30][31]转引自陈慧、车宏生、朱敏:《跨文化适应影响因素研究述评》,《心理科学进展》2003年第6期。
[34][35]Edmunds J.&Turner,B.S.,“Global Generations:Social Change in the Twentieth Century”,The British Journal of Sociology,Vol.56,No.4,2005.
[36]Black,J.S.,“Locus of Control,Social Support,Stress,and Adjustment in International Transfers”,Asian Pacifi c Journal of Management,Vol.7,No.1,1990.