山东郯城以蜥脚类恐龙为主的足迹化石群:古生态学及地层学意义
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摘要
在山东郯城县清泉寺附近发现一个以蜥脚类恐龙足迹为主的大型化石点。化石分布在4层连续层面上,足迹数量达200多个,但较清晰的主要分布在第2层面上,有71个,多呈椭圆形,其中最大的103cm,最小的13cm。尽管足迹总体较为杂乱,大小差别很大,风化剥蚀严重,但仍可识别出至少6条行迹。推测这6条形迹中的5条为蜥脚类,另一条为鸟脚类。中间的3条(Tw3～5)大致平行、行迹方向相似(NNE),足迹大小相似(长度平均值分别为75、74、71cm),行迹较为紧密(行迹中线间距离最宽处约1.7m),应为同时、并排行进的3个成年个体形成。特别令人瞩目的是,在行迹Tw4的中间,夹杂分布着至少12个小型椭圆形足迹,长轴直径13～21cm,有的足迹踩在大足迹之上,推测至少为2个跟随父母行进的幼年个体的行迹。边缘的3条行迹(Tw1、Tw2和Tw6)方向相反,应为随后的恐龙所遗留。通过恐龙行迹特征的研究,提供了蜥脚类恐龙群居的新证据。传统认为,该足迹点的产出层位为早白垩世大盛群最顶部的孟疃组,但根据足迹化石的产出特征及组合特点,结合含恐龙足迹层位的区域对比,认为清泉寺地区产恐龙足迹的这套地层应属于大盛群田家楼组。
A large sauropod-dominated tracksite was discovered in the neighborhood of Qingquansi in Tancheng County of Shandong Province,China.More than 200 dinosaur tracks have been identified from four continuous strata and 71 more distinctive tracks have been identified from the second stratum.Most of the tracks are in the shape ofovals,with the largest being 103 cm and the smallest 13 cm.Despite their overall disarray,size difference,severe weathering and corrosion,at least 6 trackways have been recognized,of which 5 are supposed to be sauropods and 1 to be ornithopod.The three middle sauropod trackways(numbered Tw3-5)might be left by three adult dinosaurs because they have similar track sizes(average track length 75,74 and 71 cm respectively),paralleling each other and proceeding in the same direction(NNE),and closely proceeding(the longest distance between trackways being only about 1.7 m).A more interesting phenomenon is that at least 12 small-sized elliptical tracks(13-21 cm long)are regularly distributed along the trackway Tw4,and noticeably some of the small tracks stepping onto the large ones,which implies that the track-makers of the small-sized tracks are at least two baby dinosaurs.The other three trackways proceed in opposite directions(SSW)and may be registered by subsequent dinosaurs.This research provides strong trackway evidence for the gregarious behavior among sauropods.The track-bearing strata have traditionally been believed to be the Mengtuan Formation,the upper-most beds of the Early Cretaceous Dasheng Group.Based on ichnoassemblages,the track-bearing strata features,and regional comparison of track-bearing strata,it is believed that the track-bearing strata in the Qingquansi area should be the Tianjialou Formation of the Dasheng Group.
A large sauropod-dominated tracksite was discovered in the neighborhood of Qingquansi in Tancheng County of Shandong Province,China.More than 200 dinosaur tracks have been identified from four continuous strata and 71 more distinctive tracks have been identified from the second stratum.Most of the tracks are in the shape ofovals,with the largest being 103 cm and the smallest 13 cm.Despite their overall disarray,size difference,severe weathering and corrosion,at least 6 trackways have been recognized,of which 5 are supposed to be sauropods and 1 to be ornithopod.The three middle sauropod trackways(numbered Tw3-5)might be left by three adult dinosaurs because they have similar track sizes(average track length 75,74 and 71 cm respectively),paralleling each other and proceeding in the same direction(NNE),and closely proceeding(the longest distance between trackways being only about 1.7 m).A more interesting phenomenon is that at least 12 small-sized elliptical tracks(13-21 cm long)are regularly distributed along the trackway Tw4,and noticeably some of the small tracks stepping onto the large ones,which implies that the track-makers of the small-sized tracks are at least two baby dinosaurs.The other three trackways proceed in opposite directions(SSW)and may be registered by subsequent dinosaurs.This research provides strong trackway evidence for the gregarious behavior among sauropods.The track-bearing strata have traditionally been believed to be the Mengtuan Formation,the upper-most beds of the Early Cretaceous Dasheng Group.Based on ichnoassemblages,the track-bearing strata features,and regional comparison of track-bearing strata,it is believed that the track-bearing strata in the Qingquansi area should be the Tianjialou Formation of the Dasheng Group.
引文
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[24]宋奠南,朱德文,肖丙建,等.临沂-板泉-李庄-马站四幅区域地质调查报告[R].临沂:山东省第七地质矿产勘查院,1996.
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[29]ZHEN S,LI J,ZHANG B,et al.Dinosaur and bird footprints from the Lower Cretaceous of Emei County,Sichuan,China[J].Memoirs of Beijing Museum of Natural History,1994,54:105-120.
[2]李日辉,刘明渭,松川正树.山东发现侏罗纪恐龙足迹化石[J].地质通报,2002,21(8-9):596-597.
[3]李日辉,刘明渭,杜圣贤.山东蒙阴盆地中晚侏罗世三台组恐龙足迹化石新材料新认识[J].山东国土资源,2015,31(7):1-3.LI Rihui,LIU Mingwei,DU Shengxian.Dinosaur tracks from Middle-Upper Jurassic Santai Formation:New materials and new interpretation[J].Shandong Land and Resources,2015,31(7):1-3.
[4]李日辉,刘明渭,LOCKLEY M G.山东莒南后左山恐龙公园早白垩世恐龙足迹化石初步研究[J].地质通报,2005,24(3):277-280.LI Rihui,LIU Mingwei,LOCKLEY M G.Early Cretaceous dinosaur tracks from the Houzuoshan dinosaur park in Junan County,Shandong Province,China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2005,24(3):277-280.
[5]LI R,LOCKLEY M G,MAKOVICKY P J,et al.Behavioral and faunal implications of Early Cretaceous deinonychosaur trackways from China[J].Naturwissenschaften,2008,95(3):185-191.
[6]LI R,LOCKLEY M G,MATSUKAWA M,et al.Important dinosaur-dominated footprint assemblages from the Lower Cretaceous Tianjialou Formation at the Houzuoshan dinosaur park,Junan County,Shandong Province,China[J].Cretaceous Research,2015,52(Part A):83-100.
[7]李日辉,LOCKLEY M G,MATSUKAWA M,等.山东莒南地质公园发现小型兽脚类恐龙足迹化石Minisauripus[J].地质通报,2008,27(1):121-125.LI Rihui,LOCKLEY M G,MSTSUKAWA M,et al.Discovery of the diminutive theropod track Minisauripus from the Junan Geopark,Shandong Province,China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2008,27(1):121-125.
[8]LOCKLEY M G,KIM J Y,Kim K S,et al.Minisauripus:The track of a diminutive dinosaur from the Cretaceous of China and Korea:Implications for stratigraphic correlation and theropod foot morphodynamics[J].Cretaceous Research,2008,29(1):115-130.
[9]LI R,LOCKLEY M G,MSTSUKAWA M,et al.An unusual theropod track assemblage from the Cretaceous of the Zhucheng Area,Shandong Province,China[J].Cretaceous Research,2011,32(4):422-432.
[10]LOCKLEY M G,LI R,MSTSUKAWA M,et al.Tracking the yellow dragons:Implications of China’s largest dinosaur tracksite(Cretaceous of the Zhucheng Area,Shandong Province,China)[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2015,423:62-79.
[11]LOCKLEY M G,LI R,MSTSUKAWA M,et al.The importance of the Huanglonggou or“Yellow Dragon Valley”dinosaur tracksite(Early Cretaceous)of the Zhucheng Area,Shandong Province,China[C]//11th Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems,Kwangju Korea,Aug 15-18,2012:315-317.
[12]王宝红,柳永清,旷红伟,等.山东诸城棠棣戈庄早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹化石新发现及其意义[J].古地理学报,2013,15(4):454-466.WANG Baohong,LIU Yongqing,KUANG Hongwei,et al.New discovery and its significance of dinosaur footprint fossils in the Late Early Cretaceous at Tangdigezhuang Village of Zhucheng County,Shandong Province[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2013,15(4):454-466.
[13]陈军,旷红伟,柳永清,等.山东临沭地区早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹化石特征[J].古地理学报,2013,15(4):505-526.CHEN Jun,KUANG Hongwei,LIU Yongqing,et al.Characteristics of dinosaur footprints of the Late Early Cretaceous in Linshu Area,Shandong Province[J].2013,15(4):505-526.
[14]XING L,LOCKLEY M G,MARTY D,et al.Diverse dinosaur ichnoassemblages from the Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group in the Yishu fault zone,Shandong Province,China[J].Cretaceous Research,2013,45:114-134.
[15]汪明伟,旷红伟,柳永清,等.山东郯城和江苏东海早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹化石新发现及古环境[J].古地理学报,2013,15(4):489-504.WANG Mingwei,KUANG Hongwei,LIU Yongqing,et al.New discovery of dinosaur footprint fossils and palaeoenvironment in the Late Early Cretaceous at Tancheng County,Shandong Province and Donghai County,Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2013,15(4):489-504.
[16]XING L,LOCKLEY M G,ROMILIO A,et al.Diverse sauropod-theropod-dominated track assemblage from the Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group of Eastern China:Testing the use of drones in footprint documentation[J].Cretaceous Research,2018,84:588-599.
[17]李庆平,赵凤江.山东下白垩统大盛群的建立及时代对比[J].山东地质,1992,8(2):13-28.LI Qingping,ZHAO Fengjiang.The erection of the Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group in Shandong and its geological correlation[J].Shandong Geology,1992,8(2):13-28.
[18]山东地矿局二队.1:5万雹泉幅、贾悦幅幅区调报告[R].济南:山东地矿局二队,1993.
[19]刘明渭,张庆玉,宋万千.山东省白垩纪岩石地层序列与火山岩系地层划分[J].地层学杂志,2003,27(3):247-253.LIU Mingwei,ZHANG Qingyu,SONG Wanqian.Division of the Cretaceous lithostratigraphic and volcanic sequences of Shandong[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,2003,27(3):247-253.
[20]宋明春.山东省地质矿产图集[M].济南:山东省地图出版社,2012.
[21]张增奇,刘书才,杜圣贤,等.山东省地层划分对比厘定意见[J].山东省国土资源,2011,27(9):1-9.ZHANG Zengqi,LIU Shucai,DU Shengxian,et al.Determination opinions on stratigraphic division and correlation in Shandong Province[J].Shandong Land and Resources,2011,27(9):1-9.
[22]刘茂修,程立人,赵达,等.大盛群与王氏群划分及地层格架[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1995:86-97.
[23]旷红伟,柳永清,吴清资,等.山东沭河裂谷带早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹群与古地理背景[J].古地理学报,2013,15(4):435-454.KUANG Hongwei,LIU Yongqing,WU Qingzi,et al.Dinosaur track sites and palaeogeography of the Late Early Cretaceous in Shuhe rifting zone of Shandong Province[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2013,15(4):435-454.
[24]宋奠南,朱德文,肖丙建,等.临沂-板泉-李庄-马站四幅区域地质调查报告[R].临沂:山东省第七地质矿产勘查院,1996.
[25]LOCKLEY M G,WRIGHT D,WHITE D,et al.The first sauropod trackways from China[J].Cretaceous Research,2002,23(3):363-381.
[26]李建军,白志强,魏青云.内蒙古鄂托克旗下白垩统恐龙足迹[M].北京:地质出版社,2011.
[27]ALEXANGDER R M.Estimates of speeds of dinosaurs[J].Nature,1976,261:129-130.
[28]李建军,中生代爬行类和鸟类足迹[M].2卷.中国古脊椎动物志(第8册),北京:科学出版社,2015.
[29]ZHEN S,LI J,ZHANG B,et al.Dinosaur and bird footprints from the Lower Cretaceous of Emei County,Sichuan,China[J].Memoirs of Beijing Museum of Natural History,1994,54:105-120.