制造业企业区位选择集聚经济指向的空间效应
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摘要
集聚经济指向是中国制造业企业区位选择的重要特征,同时企业的选址决策通常受到集聚经济的空间效应影响。因此,尝试使用空间泊松模型探讨中国制造业企业区位选择集聚经济指向的空间效应。结果表明:①地方化经济和城市化经济均存在显著的空间效应,但空间效应的作用要弱于本地效应。②地方化经济和城市化经济的空间效应是不同的,前者存在溢出效应,后者则为阴影效应。③地方化经济和城市化经济的正向影响尺度也存在差异,前者正向影响尺度较大,而后者正向影响仅限于本地。④集聚经济的本地效应和空间效应存在行业差异,其强度存在正相关。
As we all know, agglomeration economy is one of the key factor affecting the location choice of enterprises. It can be divided into localization and urbanization. Enterprises benefit from localization and urbanization are different. Localization originates from industry size but urbanization originates from city size. Many researches have explored the mechanism of the two and their impact on different industries, and a series of meaningful conclusions have been drawn. However, spatial effect is important to enterprises' decision making, while scholars pay little attention to it, such as whether the impact of agglomeration economy has spillover effect in space, how large the scale of the effect is, whether the relationship is spatially different. Therefore, this paper improves the traditional location selection model to a spatial model, and studies the spatial effect of location selection of manufacturing enterprises. Based on the spatial poisson models, this paper discusses the spatial dependence of location selection and agglomeration economies and manufacturing industry enterprises location selection in China. It is found that both localization and urbanization have significant spatial effects, but the spatial effect is weaker than the direct effect. The results show that:(1) There are significant spatial effects in both localization and urbanization, but the spatial effects are weaker than the direct effects.(2) The spatial effects of localization and urbanization are different. The former has spillover effect, while the latter has shadow effect.(3) There are also differences in the scale of positive impact between localization and urbanization. The former has a larger scale of positive impact, while the latter is limited to local areas.(4) There are industry differences in the direct and spatial effects of agglomeration economy, and their intensity is positively correlated.
As we all know, agglomeration economy is one of the key factor affecting the location choice of enterprises. It can be divided into localization and urbanization. Enterprises benefit from localization and urbanization are different. Localization originates from industry size but urbanization originates from city size. Many researches have explored the mechanism of the two and their impact on different industries, and a series of meaningful conclusions have been drawn. However, spatial effect is important to enterprises' decision making, while scholars pay little attention to it, such as whether the impact of agglomeration economy has spillover effect in space, how large the scale of the effect is, whether the relationship is spatially different. Therefore, this paper improves the traditional location selection model to a spatial model, and studies the spatial effect of location selection of manufacturing enterprises. Based on the spatial poisson models, this paper discusses the spatial dependence of location selection and agglomeration economies and manufacturing industry enterprises location selection in China. It is found that both localization and urbanization have significant spatial effects, but the spatial effect is weaker than the direct effect. The results show that:(1) There are significant spatial effects in both localization and urbanization, but the spatial effects are weaker than the direct effects.(2) The spatial effects of localization and urbanization are different. The former has spillover effect, while the latter has shadow effect.(3) There are also differences in the scale of positive impact between localization and urbanization. The former has a larger scale of positive impact, while the latter is limited to local areas.(4) There are industry differences in the direct and spatial effects of agglomeration economy, and their intensity is positively correlated.
引文
[1]Henderson J V.Efficiency of resource usage and city size.Journal of Urban Economics,1986,19(1):47-70.
[2]Glaeser E L,Kallal H D,Scheinkman J A,et al.Growth in cities.Journal of Political Economy,1992,100(6):1126-1152.
[3]王俊松.长三角制造业空间格局演化及影响因素.地理研究,2014,33(12):2312-2324.[Wang Junsong.Evolution of spatial pattern and influencing factors of manufacturing industries in Yangtze River Delta region.Geographical Research,2014,33(12):2312-2324.]
[4]刘颖,郭琪,贺灿飞.城市区位条件与企业区位动态研究.地理研究,2016,35(7):1301-1313.[Liu Ying,Guo Qi,He Canfei.A study on the location conditions of cities and the location dynamics of enterprises.Geographical Research,2016,35(7):1301-1313.]
[5]Rosenthal S S,Strange W C.The determinants of agglomeration.Journal of Urban Economics,2001,50(2):191-229.
[6]Duranton G,Puga D.Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies.In:Henderson J V,Thisse J F.Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics.Amsterdam:North Holland,2004:2063-2117.
[7]Henderson J V.Marshall's scale economies.Journal of Urban Economics,2003,53(1):1-28.
[8]Jofre-Monseny J,Marin-Lopez R,Viladecans-Marsal E.The determinants of localization and urbanization economies:Evidence from the location of new firms in Spain.Journal of Regional Science,2014,54(2):313-337.
[9]Mori T,Smith T E.On the spatial scale of industrial agglomerations.Journal of Urban Economics,2015,89(1):1-20.
[10]Andersson M,Klaesson J,Larsson J P.How local are spatial density externalities?Neighbourhood effects in agglomeration economies.Regional Studies,2016,50(6):1082-1095.
[11]范剑勇.产业外部性、企业竞争环境与劳动生产率.管理世界,2009,(8):65-72,187.[Fan Jianyong.The externality of industries,the competitive environment of enterprises,and the productivity.Management World,2009,(8):65-72,187.]
[12]贺灿飞,潘峰华.中国城市产业增长研究:基于动态外部性与经济转型视角.地理研究,2009,28(3):726-737.[He Canfei,Pan Fenghua.City industry growth in China:Perspectives of dynamic externalities and economic transition.Geographical Research,2009,28(3):726-737.]
[13]刘修岩,张学良.集聚经济与企业区位选择:基于中国地级区域企业数据的实证研究.财经研究,2010,33(11):83-92.[Liu Xiuyan,Zhang Xueliang.Agglomeration economy and firm location choice:Evidence from prefectural data of firms in China.Journal of Finance and Economics,2010,33(11):83-92.]
[14]陈建军,崔春梅,陈菁菁.集聚经济、空间连续性与企业区位选择:基于中国265个设区城市数据的实证研究.管理世界,2011,(6):63-75.[Chen Jianjun,Cui Chunmei,Chen Jingjing.The agglomerative economy,the spatial continuity and the selection of suppliers'location.Management World,2011,(6):63-75.]
[15]周浩,余壮雄,杨铮.可达性、集聚和新建企业选址:来自中国制造业的微观证据.经济学(季刊),2015,14(4):1393-1416.[Zhou Hao,Yu Zhuangxiong,Yang Zheng.Accessibility,agglomeration and new firm location:Micro evidence from Chinese manufacturing.China Economic Quarterly,2015,14(4):1393-1416.]
[16]陈曦,席强敏,李国平.制造业内部产业关联与空间分布关系的实证研究.地理研究,2015,34(10):1943-1956.[Chen Xi,Xi Qiangmin,Li Guoping.Industrial linkage and spatial distribution of manufacturing industry.Geographical Research,2015,34(10):1943-1956.]
[17]蒋灵多.集聚会降低企业失败风险吗?来自中国微观企业的证据.产业经济研究,2016,84(5):1-12.[Jiang Lingduo.Will the agglomeration reduce the risk of firm failure?Firm-level evidence from China.Industrial Economics Research,2016,84(5):1-12.]
[18]Carlton D W.The location and employment choices of new firms:An econometric model with discrete and continuous endogenous variables.The Review of Economics and Statistics,1983,65(3):440-449.
[19]Guimaraes P,Figueiredo O,Woodward D.Industrial location modeling:Extending the random utility framework.Journal of Regional Science,2004,44(1):1-20.
[20]Tobler W R.A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region.Economic Geography,1970,46(s1):234-240.
[21]Harris C D.The market as a factor in the localization of industry in the United States.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1954,44(4):315-348.
[22]Lambert D M,Brown J P,Florax R J G M.A two-step estimator for a spatial lag model of counts:Theory,small sample performance and an application.Regional Science and Urban Economics,2010,40(4):241-252.
[23]Wooldridge J M.Econometric Analysis of Cross-Section and Panel Data.Cambridge:MIT Press,2010.
[24]Arora S S,Brown M.Alternative approaches to spatial autocorrelation:An improvement over current practice.International Regional Science Review,1977,2(1):67-78.
[25]Anselin L.Local indicators of spatial association:LISA.Geographical Analysis,1995,27(2):93-115.
[26]Dumais G,Ellison G,Glaeser E L.Geographic concentration as a dynamic process.The Review of Economics and Statistics,2002,84(2):193-204.
[27]谢里,张敬斌.中国制造业集聚的空间技术溢出效应:引入制度环境差异的研究.地理研究,2016,35(5):909-928.[Xie Li,Zhang Jingbin.The spatial technology spillovers effect of Chinese manufacturing industries'agglomeration:The difference of institutional environment.Geographical Research,2016,35(5):909-928.]
[28]Fischer M M,Scherngell T,Jansenberger E.The geography of knowledge spillovers between high-technology firms in Europe:Evidence from a spatial interaction modeling perspective.Geographical Analysis,2006,38(3):288-309.
[29]Audretsch D B,Lehmann E E,Warning S.University spillovers and new firm location.Research Policy,2005,34(7):1113-1122.
[2]Glaeser E L,Kallal H D,Scheinkman J A,et al.Growth in cities.Journal of Political Economy,1992,100(6):1126-1152.
[3]王俊松.长三角制造业空间格局演化及影响因素.地理研究,2014,33(12):2312-2324.[Wang Junsong.Evolution of spatial pattern and influencing factors of manufacturing industries in Yangtze River Delta region.Geographical Research,2014,33(12):2312-2324.]
[4]刘颖,郭琪,贺灿飞.城市区位条件与企业区位动态研究.地理研究,2016,35(7):1301-1313.[Liu Ying,Guo Qi,He Canfei.A study on the location conditions of cities and the location dynamics of enterprises.Geographical Research,2016,35(7):1301-1313.]
[5]Rosenthal S S,Strange W C.The determinants of agglomeration.Journal of Urban Economics,2001,50(2):191-229.
[6]Duranton G,Puga D.Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies.In:Henderson J V,Thisse J F.Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics.Amsterdam:North Holland,2004:2063-2117.
[7]Henderson J V.Marshall's scale economies.Journal of Urban Economics,2003,53(1):1-28.
[8]Jofre-Monseny J,Marin-Lopez R,Viladecans-Marsal E.The determinants of localization and urbanization economies:Evidence from the location of new firms in Spain.Journal of Regional Science,2014,54(2):313-337.
[9]Mori T,Smith T E.On the spatial scale of industrial agglomerations.Journal of Urban Economics,2015,89(1):1-20.
[10]Andersson M,Klaesson J,Larsson J P.How local are spatial density externalities?Neighbourhood effects in agglomeration economies.Regional Studies,2016,50(6):1082-1095.
[11]范剑勇.产业外部性、企业竞争环境与劳动生产率.管理世界,2009,(8):65-72,187.[Fan Jianyong.The externality of industries,the competitive environment of enterprises,and the productivity.Management World,2009,(8):65-72,187.]
[12]贺灿飞,潘峰华.中国城市产业增长研究:基于动态外部性与经济转型视角.地理研究,2009,28(3):726-737.[He Canfei,Pan Fenghua.City industry growth in China:Perspectives of dynamic externalities and economic transition.Geographical Research,2009,28(3):726-737.]
[13]刘修岩,张学良.集聚经济与企业区位选择:基于中国地级区域企业数据的实证研究.财经研究,2010,33(11):83-92.[Liu Xiuyan,Zhang Xueliang.Agglomeration economy and firm location choice:Evidence from prefectural data of firms in China.Journal of Finance and Economics,2010,33(11):83-92.]
[14]陈建军,崔春梅,陈菁菁.集聚经济、空间连续性与企业区位选择:基于中国265个设区城市数据的实证研究.管理世界,2011,(6):63-75.[Chen Jianjun,Cui Chunmei,Chen Jingjing.The agglomerative economy,the spatial continuity and the selection of suppliers'location.Management World,2011,(6):63-75.]
[15]周浩,余壮雄,杨铮.可达性、集聚和新建企业选址:来自中国制造业的微观证据.经济学(季刊),2015,14(4):1393-1416.[Zhou Hao,Yu Zhuangxiong,Yang Zheng.Accessibility,agglomeration and new firm location:Micro evidence from Chinese manufacturing.China Economic Quarterly,2015,14(4):1393-1416.]
[16]陈曦,席强敏,李国平.制造业内部产业关联与空间分布关系的实证研究.地理研究,2015,34(10):1943-1956.[Chen Xi,Xi Qiangmin,Li Guoping.Industrial linkage and spatial distribution of manufacturing industry.Geographical Research,2015,34(10):1943-1956.]
[17]蒋灵多.集聚会降低企业失败风险吗?来自中国微观企业的证据.产业经济研究,2016,84(5):1-12.[Jiang Lingduo.Will the agglomeration reduce the risk of firm failure?Firm-level evidence from China.Industrial Economics Research,2016,84(5):1-12.]
[18]Carlton D W.The location and employment choices of new firms:An econometric model with discrete and continuous endogenous variables.The Review of Economics and Statistics,1983,65(3):440-449.
[19]Guimaraes P,Figueiredo O,Woodward D.Industrial location modeling:Extending the random utility framework.Journal of Regional Science,2004,44(1):1-20.
[20]Tobler W R.A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region.Economic Geography,1970,46(s1):234-240.
[21]Harris C D.The market as a factor in the localization of industry in the United States.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1954,44(4):315-348.
[22]Lambert D M,Brown J P,Florax R J G M.A two-step estimator for a spatial lag model of counts:Theory,small sample performance and an application.Regional Science and Urban Economics,2010,40(4):241-252.
[23]Wooldridge J M.Econometric Analysis of Cross-Section and Panel Data.Cambridge:MIT Press,2010.
[24]Arora S S,Brown M.Alternative approaches to spatial autocorrelation:An improvement over current practice.International Regional Science Review,1977,2(1):67-78.
[25]Anselin L.Local indicators of spatial association:LISA.Geographical Analysis,1995,27(2):93-115.
[26]Dumais G,Ellison G,Glaeser E L.Geographic concentration as a dynamic process.The Review of Economics and Statistics,2002,84(2):193-204.
[27]谢里,张敬斌.中国制造业集聚的空间技术溢出效应:引入制度环境差异的研究.地理研究,2016,35(5):909-928.[Xie Li,Zhang Jingbin.The spatial technology spillovers effect of Chinese manufacturing industries'agglomeration:The difference of institutional environment.Geographical Research,2016,35(5):909-928.]
[28]Fischer M M,Scherngell T,Jansenberger E.The geography of knowledge spillovers between high-technology firms in Europe:Evidence from a spatial interaction modeling perspective.Geographical Analysis,2006,38(3):288-309.
[29]Audretsch D B,Lehmann E E,Warning S.University spillovers and new firm location.Research Policy,2005,34(7):1113-1122.