异质性收入视角下人力资本对农民减贫的作用效应研究
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摘要
在农村剩余人口向城市快速转移的城镇化浪潮中,农民非农收入不断增长,农业生产率不断提高使得涉农收入也不断增长。研究人力资本在这一过程中是通过何种途径实现减贫及其减贫性质、效应大小,对于新时代加强和完善教育人力资本扶贫意义重大。根据人力资本作用异质性特征,文章研究了人力资本作用农村非农收入和涉农收入下的异质性减贫效应。研究发现:①若没有农村人力资本参与,农村各年的贫困发生率至少会上升1到3个百分点。②分时段的贫困动态变化分解显示,农村劳动力人力资本积累对于农村贫困下降的贡献达到15%到23%。③在我国城乡二元结构显著和城乡人口自由流动条件下,农村个体人力资本积累的减贫作用主要是通过增加非农收入实现,而通过涉农收入一定程度上是阻碍贫困率下降。④人力资本减贫这一贡献主要源于农村个体人力资本变动通过非农收入下的增长效应和分配效应,且分配效应逐渐大于增长效应,说明就增加非农收入实现减贫而言,农村人力资本个体分布结构朝合理化方向发展。⑤人力资本变动通过涉农收入减贫的增长效应和分配效应均是阻碍贫困率下降,说明从根本上改变城乡二元关系、促进城乡一体融合发展、实现城乡人力资本等要素双向流动对于提高农业生产效率、促进涉农收入增长的重要性。
In the process of urbanization in which the rural surplus population is rapidly shifting to cities,the non-agricultural income of farmers increases,and the agriculture-related income also climbs,resulting from the growing agricultural productivity. It is of great significance for Chinese government to strengthen and improve the education in human capital to alleviate poverty by recognizing how human capital works and its poverty alleviation nature and effect size. According to the heterogeneity of human capital,the paper studied the heterogeneous poverty reduction effect of human capital on rural non-agricultural income and agriculture-related income.The paper found that: ①Without the participation of rural human capital,poverty in rural areas would increase by at least 1% ～ 3%each year. ② The decomposition of poverty dynamics in different periods also showed that the contribution of human capital accumulation to poverty reduction reached 15% ～ 3%. ③Under the conditions of China'urban-rural dual structure and the free flow of urban and rural population,the poverty reduction effect of rural human capital accumulation was mainly achieved through increasing non-agricultural income,rather than agriculture-related income. ④ The poverty reduction of rural human capital was caused by the growth effect and distribution effect of rural individual human capital changes and the distribution effect was gradually greater than the growth effect; that is to say,the individual distribution structure of rural human capital was developing in a rational direction by increasing non-agricultural income. ⑤ However,growth effect and distribution effect of human capital change in agriculture-related income were both negative. Therefore,it is of great significance to improve agricultural production efficiency and promote income growth by changing the urban-rural dual relationship,promoting the integration of urban and rural development,and realizing the free flow of urban and rural human capital and other factors.
In the process of urbanization in which the rural surplus population is rapidly shifting to cities,the non-agricultural income of farmers increases,and the agriculture-related income also climbs,resulting from the growing agricultural productivity. It is of great significance for Chinese government to strengthen and improve the education in human capital to alleviate poverty by recognizing how human capital works and its poverty alleviation nature and effect size. According to the heterogeneity of human capital,the paper studied the heterogeneous poverty reduction effect of human capital on rural non-agricultural income and agriculture-related income.The paper found that: ①Without the participation of rural human capital,poverty in rural areas would increase by at least 1% ～ 3%each year. ② The decomposition of poverty dynamics in different periods also showed that the contribution of human capital accumulation to poverty reduction reached 15% ～ 3%. ③Under the conditions of China'urban-rural dual structure and the free flow of urban and rural population,the poverty reduction effect of rural human capital accumulation was mainly achieved through increasing non-agricultural income,rather than agriculture-related income. ④ The poverty reduction of rural human capital was caused by the growth effect and distribution effect of rural individual human capital changes and the distribution effect was gradually greater than the growth effect; that is to say,the individual distribution structure of rural human capital was developing in a rational direction by increasing non-agricultural income. ⑤ However,growth effect and distribution effect of human capital change in agriculture-related income were both negative. Therefore,it is of great significance to improve agricultural production efficiency and promote income growth by changing the urban-rural dual relationship,promoting the integration of urban and rural development,and realizing the free flow of urban and rural human capital and other factors.
引文
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[3]LUCAS E.On the mechanics of economic development[J].Journal of monetary economics,1988,22(1):3-42.
[4]ROMER P M.Endogenous technological change[J].NBER working paper,1990,98:71-102.
[5]KRUEGER A B,LINDAHL M.Education for growth:why and for whom?[J].Journal of economic literature,2001,39(4):1101-1136.
[6]KUROSAKI T,KHAN H.Human capital and elimination of rural poverty:a case study of the north-west frontier province[R].2001.
[7]LOAPEZ R,VALDES A.Fighting rural poverty in Latin America:new evidence of the effects of education,demographics,and access to land[J].Economic development&cultural change,2000,49(1):197-211.
[8]刘修岩,章元,贺小海.教育与消除农村贫困:基于上海市农户调查数据的实证研究[J].中国农村经济,2007(10):61-68.
[9]王海港,黄少安,李琴,等.职业技能培训对农村居民非农收入的影响[J].经济研究,2009(9):128-139.
[10]杜凤莲,孙婧芳.贫困影响因素与贫困敏感性的实证分析——基于1991-2009的面板数据[J].经济科学,2011(3):57-67.
[11]郭新华,戎天美.我国教育对贫困变动的效应分析:1995-2007[J].统计与决策,2011(1):112-114.
[12]HUFFMAN W E.Decision making:the role of education[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1974,56(1):85-97.
[13]ROSENZWEIG M R.Why are there returns to schooling?[J].American economic review,1995,85(2):153-158.
[14]WARUNSIRI S,MCNOWN R.The returns to education in Thailand:a pseudo-panel approach[J].World development,2010,38(11):1616-1625.
[15]HAWLEY J D.Changing returns to education in times of property and crisis:Thailand 1985-1998[J].Economics of education review,2004,23(3):273-286.
[16]KIMMEL J.Rural wages and returns to education:differences between whites,blacks,and American Indians[J].Economics of education review,1997,16(1):81-96.
[17]JANVRY A D,SADOULET E.Income strategies among rural households in Mexico:the role of off-farm activities[J].World development,2001,29(3):467-480.
[18]张车伟.人力资本回报率变化与收入差距:“马太效应”及其政策含义[J].经济研究,2006(12):59-70.
[19]DURAISAMY P.Changes in returns to education in India,1983-1994:by gender,age-cohort and location[J].Economics of education review,2002,21(6):609-622.
[20]WINTER P,DAVIS B,COVARRUBIAS K,et al.Assets,activities and rural income generation:evidence from a multicountry analysis[J].World development,2009,37(9):1435-1452.
[21]刘中文,李录堂.浙江省农村人力资本投资效率实证分析[J].农业经济问题,2010(3):61-64.
[22]邢春冰,贾淑艳,李实.教育回报率的地区差异极其对劳动力流动的影响[J].经济研究,2013(11):114-126.
[23]LI T,ZHANG J.Returns to education under collective and household farming in China[J].Journal of development economics,1998,56(2):307-335.
[24]ZHANG L,HUANG J,ROZELLE S.Employment,emerging labor markets,and the role of education in rural China[J].China economic review,2002,13(2-3):313-328.
[25]MANKIW N G,ROMER D,DAVID N W.A contribution to the empirics of economic growth[J].The quarterly journal of economics,1992,107(2):407-437.
[26]蔡昉,都阳,王美艳.劳动力流动的政治经济学[M].上海:上海人民出版社,上海三联书店,2003.
[27]王美艳.城市劳动力市场上的就业机会与工资差异——外来劳动力就业与报酬研究[J].中国社会科学,2005(5):36-46.
[28]周云波,武鹏,余泳泽.中国区域农村人力资本的估算及其时空特征[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010(9):165-170.
[29]骆永明,樊丽明.中国农村人力资本增收效应的空间特征[J].管理世界,2014(9):58-75.
[30]姚先国,张海峰.教育、人力资本与地区经济差异[J].经济研究,2008(5):47-57.
[31]王海港,黄少安,李琴,等.职业技能培训对农村居民非农收入的影响[J].经济研究,2009(9):128-139.
[32]张银,李燕萍.农民人力资本、农民学习及绩效实证研究[J].管理世界,2010(2):1-9.
[33]章元,许庆,邬璟璟.一个农业大国的工业化之路:中国降低农村贫困的经验[J].经济研究,2012(12):76-87.
[34]LASZLO S.Education,labor supply and market development in rural Peru[J].World development,2002,36(11):2421-2439.
[35]PARMAN J.Good schools make good neighbors:human capital spillovers in early 20th century agriculture[J].Explorations in economic history,2012,49(3):316-334.
[36]谭崇台.开发人力资本、构建社会资本——解决农民贫困、农村落后问题的必由之路[J].宏观经济研究,2004(11):26-30.
[37]任国强.人力资本对农民非农就业与非农收入的影响研究——基于天津的考察[J].南开经济研究,2004(3):3-10.
[38]黄斌.非农就业与人力资本投资[J].中国农村经济,2013(1):67-86.
[39]KALIRAJA K P,OBWONA M B,ZHAO S.A decomposition of total factor productivity growth:the case of Chinese agricultural growth before and after reforms[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1996,78(2):331-338.
[40]孙一平,周向.异质性人力资本对中国农业经济增长的影响研究——基于省际面板数据[J].农业技术经济,2015(4):108-119.
[41]HUFFMAN W E.Decision making:the role of education[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1974,56(1):85-97.
[42]KHALDI N.Education and allocative efficiency in US agriculture[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1975,57(4):650-657.
[43]LEWIS W A.Economic development with unlimited supplies of labor[J].Manchester school of economic and social studies,1954,22(2):139-191.
[44]龙翠红,洪银兴.农村人力资本外溢与中国城乡居民收入差距关系的实证关系[J].经济经纬,2012(3):106-110.
[45]蔡武,陈广汉.异质型人力资本溢出、劳动力流动与城乡收入差距[J].云南财经大学学报,2013(6):24-32.
[46]夏柱智,贺雪峰.半工半耕与中国渐进城镇化模式[J].中国社会科学,2017(12):121-122.
[47]STARK O,BLOOM D E.The new economics of labor migration[J].American economic review,1985,75(2):173-178.
[48]樊士德,江克忠.中国农村家庭劳动力流动的减贫效应研究——基于CFPS数据的微观证据[J].中国人口科学,2016(5):26-34,126.
[49]李宪印,陈万明.农户人力资本与非农收入关系的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,2009(5):94-99.
[50]SHORROCKS A F.Decomposition procedures for distributional analysis:a unified framework based on the Shapley value[J].Journal of economics inequality,1999,11(1):99-126.
[51]我国农民工作“十二五”发展规划纲要研究课题组.中国农民工问题总体趋势:观测“十二五”[J].改革,2010(8):7-31.
[2]SCHULTZ T W.Investment in human capital[J].American economic review,1961,51(5):1-17.
[3]LUCAS E.On the mechanics of economic development[J].Journal of monetary economics,1988,22(1):3-42.
[4]ROMER P M.Endogenous technological change[J].NBER working paper,1990,98:71-102.
[5]KRUEGER A B,LINDAHL M.Education for growth:why and for whom?[J].Journal of economic literature,2001,39(4):1101-1136.
[6]KUROSAKI T,KHAN H.Human capital and elimination of rural poverty:a case study of the north-west frontier province[R].2001.
[7]LOAPEZ R,VALDES A.Fighting rural poverty in Latin America:new evidence of the effects of education,demographics,and access to land[J].Economic development&cultural change,2000,49(1):197-211.
[8]刘修岩,章元,贺小海.教育与消除农村贫困:基于上海市农户调查数据的实证研究[J].中国农村经济,2007(10):61-68.
[9]王海港,黄少安,李琴,等.职业技能培训对农村居民非农收入的影响[J].经济研究,2009(9):128-139.
[10]杜凤莲,孙婧芳.贫困影响因素与贫困敏感性的实证分析——基于1991-2009的面板数据[J].经济科学,2011(3):57-67.
[11]郭新华,戎天美.我国教育对贫困变动的效应分析:1995-2007[J].统计与决策,2011(1):112-114.
[12]HUFFMAN W E.Decision making:the role of education[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1974,56(1):85-97.
[13]ROSENZWEIG M R.Why are there returns to schooling?[J].American economic review,1995,85(2):153-158.
[14]WARUNSIRI S,MCNOWN R.The returns to education in Thailand:a pseudo-panel approach[J].World development,2010,38(11):1616-1625.
[15]HAWLEY J D.Changing returns to education in times of property and crisis:Thailand 1985-1998[J].Economics of education review,2004,23(3):273-286.
[16]KIMMEL J.Rural wages and returns to education:differences between whites,blacks,and American Indians[J].Economics of education review,1997,16(1):81-96.
[17]JANVRY A D,SADOULET E.Income strategies among rural households in Mexico:the role of off-farm activities[J].World development,2001,29(3):467-480.
[18]张车伟.人力资本回报率变化与收入差距:“马太效应”及其政策含义[J].经济研究,2006(12):59-70.
[19]DURAISAMY P.Changes in returns to education in India,1983-1994:by gender,age-cohort and location[J].Economics of education review,2002,21(6):609-622.
[20]WINTER P,DAVIS B,COVARRUBIAS K,et al.Assets,activities and rural income generation:evidence from a multicountry analysis[J].World development,2009,37(9):1435-1452.
[21]刘中文,李录堂.浙江省农村人力资本投资效率实证分析[J].农业经济问题,2010(3):61-64.
[22]邢春冰,贾淑艳,李实.教育回报率的地区差异极其对劳动力流动的影响[J].经济研究,2013(11):114-126.
[23]LI T,ZHANG J.Returns to education under collective and household farming in China[J].Journal of development economics,1998,56(2):307-335.
[24]ZHANG L,HUANG J,ROZELLE S.Employment,emerging labor markets,and the role of education in rural China[J].China economic review,2002,13(2-3):313-328.
[25]MANKIW N G,ROMER D,DAVID N W.A contribution to the empirics of economic growth[J].The quarterly journal of economics,1992,107(2):407-437.
[26]蔡昉,都阳,王美艳.劳动力流动的政治经济学[M].上海:上海人民出版社,上海三联书店,2003.
[27]王美艳.城市劳动力市场上的就业机会与工资差异——外来劳动力就业与报酬研究[J].中国社会科学,2005(5):36-46.
[28]周云波,武鹏,余泳泽.中国区域农村人力资本的估算及其时空特征[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010(9):165-170.
[29]骆永明,樊丽明.中国农村人力资本增收效应的空间特征[J].管理世界,2014(9):58-75.
[30]姚先国,张海峰.教育、人力资本与地区经济差异[J].经济研究,2008(5):47-57.
[31]王海港,黄少安,李琴,等.职业技能培训对农村居民非农收入的影响[J].经济研究,2009(9):128-139.
[32]张银,李燕萍.农民人力资本、农民学习及绩效实证研究[J].管理世界,2010(2):1-9.
[33]章元,许庆,邬璟璟.一个农业大国的工业化之路:中国降低农村贫困的经验[J].经济研究,2012(12):76-87.
[34]LASZLO S.Education,labor supply and market development in rural Peru[J].World development,2002,36(11):2421-2439.
[35]PARMAN J.Good schools make good neighbors:human capital spillovers in early 20th century agriculture[J].Explorations in economic history,2012,49(3):316-334.
[36]谭崇台.开发人力资本、构建社会资本——解决农民贫困、农村落后问题的必由之路[J].宏观经济研究,2004(11):26-30.
[37]任国强.人力资本对农民非农就业与非农收入的影响研究——基于天津的考察[J].南开经济研究,2004(3):3-10.
[38]黄斌.非农就业与人力资本投资[J].中国农村经济,2013(1):67-86.
[39]KALIRAJA K P,OBWONA M B,ZHAO S.A decomposition of total factor productivity growth:the case of Chinese agricultural growth before and after reforms[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1996,78(2):331-338.
[40]孙一平,周向.异质性人力资本对中国农业经济增长的影响研究——基于省际面板数据[J].农业技术经济,2015(4):108-119.
[41]HUFFMAN W E.Decision making:the role of education[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1974,56(1):85-97.
[42]KHALDI N.Education and allocative efficiency in US agriculture[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1975,57(4):650-657.
[43]LEWIS W A.Economic development with unlimited supplies of labor[J].Manchester school of economic and social studies,1954,22(2):139-191.
[44]龙翠红,洪银兴.农村人力资本外溢与中国城乡居民收入差距关系的实证关系[J].经济经纬,2012(3):106-110.
[45]蔡武,陈广汉.异质型人力资本溢出、劳动力流动与城乡收入差距[J].云南财经大学学报,2013(6):24-32.
[46]夏柱智,贺雪峰.半工半耕与中国渐进城镇化模式[J].中国社会科学,2017(12):121-122.
[47]STARK O,BLOOM D E.The new economics of labor migration[J].American economic review,1985,75(2):173-178.
[48]樊士德,江克忠.中国农村家庭劳动力流动的减贫效应研究——基于CFPS数据的微观证据[J].中国人口科学,2016(5):26-34,126.
[49]李宪印,陈万明.农户人力资本与非农收入关系的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,2009(5):94-99.
[50]SHORROCKS A F.Decomposition procedures for distributional analysis:a unified framework based on the Shapley value[J].Journal of economics inequality,1999,11(1):99-126.
[51]我国农民工作“十二五”发展规划纲要研究课题组.中国农民工问题总体趋势:观测“十二五”[J].改革,2010(8):7-31.