无人驾驶汽车及其法律规制
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摘要
无人驾驶汽车是当前云计算、大数据、物联网、人工智能等信息技术快速发展的一个缩影。相较于传统汽车,无人驾驶汽车具有汽车行驶的自主性、驾驶人员的不特定性、技术应用的广泛性和道路设施的特殊性等特征。无人驾驶汽车的具体应用,在给人们日常出行带来便利的同时,也引发了诸多社会问题,特别是对当前的交通秩序、网络安全、隐私保护等领域带来了一定风险。为研究无人驾驶汽车法律规制问题,梳理了美国、欧洲、日本和韩国无人驾驶汽车技术的研发态势,总结了他们对无人驾驶汽车的法律规则和政策引导经验。研究认为,无人驾驶汽车作为未来汽车的发展方向,要立足国情、防范风险,积极探索无人驾驶汽车法律规制的有效路径:一方面,要鼓励和引导无人驾驶汽车技术的创新发展;另一方面,要出台相应的法律法规,赋予无人驾驶汽车的道路测试权限,进一步完善无人驾驶汽车的安全标准、无人驾驶系统的网络安全、无人驾驶汽车的侵权责任和保护无人驾驶汽车的消费者隐私等。
Self-driving car is an epitome representing the rapid development of information technology such as cloud computing,big data,internet of things,and artificial intelligence. Compared with traditional cars, self-driving car is featured with autonomous driving experience, no specificrequirement for drivers,wide application of technology and special road facility. The application of selfdriving car,while bringing convenience to people's daily travel,also has caused many social problems,especially brought certain risks to traffic order,network security,privacy protection and other fields. This paper sorts out the research and development status of autonomous driving technology in the United States,Europe,Japan and South Korea,and summarizes their experience in making laws and regulations for policy guidance. Research shows that self-driving cars will lead the future development of auto industry,therefore we should develop self-driving cars based on our national conditions,prevent risks,and actively explore an effective path to make rules and regulations for the field. On the one hand,it is necessary to encourage and guide the innovation of self-driving technology; on the other hand,it is necessary to introduce related laws and regulations,give road test permission to self-driving cars,as well as further improve the safety standards and network security of unmanned vehicle system,tort liability of self-driving cars and protect consomer privacy.
Self-driving car is an epitome representing the rapid development of information technology such as cloud computing,big data,internet of things,and artificial intelligence. Compared with traditional cars, self-driving car is featured with autonomous driving experience, no specificrequirement for drivers,wide application of technology and special road facility. The application of selfdriving car,while bringing convenience to people's daily travel,also has caused many social problems,especially brought certain risks to traffic order,network security,privacy protection and other fields. This paper sorts out the research and development status of autonomous driving technology in the United States,Europe,Japan and South Korea,and summarizes their experience in making laws and regulations for policy guidance. Research shows that self-driving cars will lead the future development of auto industry,therefore we should develop self-driving cars based on our national conditions,prevent risks,and actively explore an effective path to make rules and regulations for the field. On the one hand,it is necessary to encourage and guide the innovation of self-driving technology; on the other hand,it is necessary to introduce related laws and regulations,give road test permission to self-driving cars,as well as further improve the safety standards and network security of unmanned vehicle system,tort liability of self-driving cars and protect consomer privacy.
引文
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[16]蒲晓磊.无人驾驶汽车或将迎来量产专家建议系上法律“安全带”[N].法制日报,2018-01-16(3).
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[18]曹越.无人驾驶技术对现有法律制度的影响研究[J].南海法学,2018,2(4):115-124.
[19]贾平,魏慧楠.无人驾驶汽车的相关法律问题及其对策[J].长安大学学报(社会科学版),2018,20(4):36-45.
[20]袁媛.我国无人驾驶汽车道路交通事故的法律思考[J].重庆邮电大学学报(社会科学版),2018,30(4):38-45.
[21]刘武俊.为无人驾驶汽车系上法律安全带[N].证券时报,2018-01-19(A03).
[22]王羽,宋瑞,杨晨光,等.国内外智能汽车法律法规现状分析及发展建议[J].汽车工业研究,2018(7):4-11.
[23]谢一驰.我国自动驾驶汽车法律规制探析[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2018,18(6):72-77.
[24]李文静.无人驾驶立法促进汽车产业创新[EB/OL].(2018-08-28)[2017-09-08]. http://www. cssn. cn/glx/glx_yjts/201808/t20180828_4550480. sh.
[2]王德培.中国经济2018新时代起点[M].北京:中国友谊出版公司,2018.
[3]胡迪·利普森,梅尔芭·库曼.无人驾驶[M].林露茵,金阳,译.上海:文汇出版社,2016.
[4]张玉洁.论无人驾驶汽车的行政法规制[J].行政法学研究,2018(1):68-77.
[5]司晓,曹建峰.论人工智能的民事责任:以自动驾驶汽车和智能机器人为切入点[J].法律科学,2017(5):166-173.
[6]陈晓林.无人驾驶汽车致人损害的对策研究[J].重庆大学学报(社会科学版),2017(4):79-85.
[7] Aldana K. Department of transportation releases policyon automated vehicle development[EB/OL].(2017-07-06)[2018-09-28]. https://www. transportation. gov/briefing-room/us-department-transportation-releases-poli-cy-automated-vehicle-development.
[8]互联网分析沙龙.关于无人驾驶创业公司,这可能是最全的一份调查报告[EB/OL].(2017-07-06)[2018-09-28]. http://www. sohu. com/a/154964596_118540.
[9]腾讯研究院.美德加快健全自动驾驶制度对我国的启示[EB/OL].(2017-02-23)[2018-09-28]. https://baijiahao. baidu. com/s? id=1560122131259540&wfr=spider&for=pc.
[10]陈燕申,陈思凯.美国政府《联邦自动驾驶汽车政策》解读与探讨[J].大数据时代,2018(1):25-30.
[11]本报巴黎电. 2019年起法国全国道路或向全自动无人驾驶汽车测试开放[N].人民日报,2018-05-23(22).
[12]本报巴黎电.德国无人驾驶汽车合法上路,中国还有多远?[EB/OL].(2017-05-17)[2018-09-20]. http://www. sohu. com/a/141075279_347553.
[13]苏海河.日本着手修改无人驾驶汽车法规[EB/OL].(2018-06-01)[2018-09-12]. http://intl. ce. cn/sjjj/qy/201806/01/t20180601_29304370. shtml.
[14]许永新.日本首次在开放道路上测试无人驾驶汽车[EB/OL].(2017-12-14)[2018-09-10]. http://japan.people. com. cn/n1/2017/1214/c35421-29707574. ht-ml.
[15]引擎.韩国无人驾驶汽车实测成功、变道、超车、过隧道样样精通![EB/OL].(2018-03-20)[2018-09-10].http://www. sohu. com/a/225961612_100122761.
[16]蒲晓磊.无人驾驶汽车或将迎来量产专家建议系上法律“安全带”[N].法制日报,2018-01-16(3).
[17]陈晓林.无人驾驶汽车对现行法律的挑战及应对[J].理论学刊,2016(1):124-131.
[18]曹越.无人驾驶技术对现有法律制度的影响研究[J].南海法学,2018,2(4):115-124.
[19]贾平,魏慧楠.无人驾驶汽车的相关法律问题及其对策[J].长安大学学报(社会科学版),2018,20(4):36-45.
[20]袁媛.我国无人驾驶汽车道路交通事故的法律思考[J].重庆邮电大学学报(社会科学版),2018,30(4):38-45.
[21]刘武俊.为无人驾驶汽车系上法律安全带[N].证券时报,2018-01-19(A03).
[22]王羽,宋瑞,杨晨光,等.国内外智能汽车法律法规现状分析及发展建议[J].汽车工业研究,2018(7):4-11.
[23]谢一驰.我国自动驾驶汽车法律规制探析[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2018,18(6):72-77.
[24]李文静.无人驾驶立法促进汽车产业创新[EB/OL].(2018-08-28)[2017-09-08]. http://www. cssn. cn/glx/glx_yjts/201808/t20180828_4550480. sh.