氮素用量对膜下滴灌甜瓜产量以及氮素平衡、硝态氮累积的影响
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摘要
【目的】针对灌区膜下滴灌甜瓜栽培施氮不合理的问题,通过系统分析膜下滴灌条件下不同施氮量对甜瓜产量、土壤硝态氮累积及氮素吸收和平衡的影响,为河西灌区膜下滴灌甜瓜合理施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】试验采用膜下滴灌施肥模式,设置5个施氮水平:0(N_0)、60(N_(60))、120(N_(120))、180(N_(180))、240 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(240)),在苗期、伸蔓期、膨大期和成熟期测定土壤剖面硝态氮含量,并结合成熟期产量和氮素吸收量,分析不同氮素用量对甜瓜产量、品质以及氮素平衡和土壤中硝态氮分布、累积的影响。【结果】在施氮量为180 kg·hm~(-2)时甜瓜商品瓜产量达到较高值,果实吸氮量和氮收获指数达到最大,甜瓜氮素吸收利用效率、氮素农学效率和氮素生理利用率变幅分别为39.59%—40.22%、56.61—61.44 kg·kg-1和142.98—152.76 kg·kg~(-1);不同深度土壤NO_3~--N随施氮量的增加而增加,但同一处理中土层越深NO_3~--N含量越低;收获后NO_3~--N主要累积在0—40 cm土层,占试验监测土壤范围(0—100 cm)的46.74%—51.84%;施氮量与甜瓜吸氮量、硝态氮残留量和氮素表观损失量呈显著正相关,甜瓜吸收量占氮输出量的41.27%—41.36%,氮素残留量占42.62%—43.41%,表观损失占15.32%—16.02%。【结论】在河西沙漠绿洲灌区甜瓜膜下滴灌种植中,氮素施入量以180 kg·hm~(-2)为宜,有利于甜瓜氮素吸收利用能力保持在较高水平,降低氮素损失,达到氮素收支动态平衡以及高产优质高效的生产目的。
【Objective】The study was aimed at dealing with the problems of fertilization on muskmelon production in field, and the effects of fertilizer on muskmelon yields, soil nitrate accumulation, nitrogen balance of soil nitrogen and nitrogen use efficiency under plastic mulching with drip irrigation were investigated. The purpose of this study was to provide theoretical basis for rational amount of applied nitrogen in muskmelon of fertigation system in Hexi irrigating region.【Method】The field experiment was carried out under plastic mulching with drip irrigation in muskmelon using the split plot design from 2016 to 2017. There was five nitrogen levels, including 0(N_0), 60(N_(60)), 120(N_(120)), 180(N_(180)), and 240 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(240)), in sub plots to investigate the influence of different fertilizing amount of nitrogen on nutrient absorption and yield of muskmelon. The soil nitrate nitrogen distribution and accumulation were measured at the seeding, vining, fruit-set and mature stages. Furthermore, we also measured the yield of muskmelon at maturity.【Result】The results showed that the yield of the N_(180) treatment was higher than other treatments but it was showed no significant difference compared to N_(240). Nitrogen absorption of melon fruits and nitrogen harvest index were highest under N_(180) treatment. And the higher nitrogen recover efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen physiological efficiency were observed under the treatment of N_(180) for two years, the ranges about 39.59%-40.22%, 56.61-61.44 kg·kg~(-1) and 142.98-152.76 kg·kg~(-1), respectively. And the highest soil NO_3~--N content were observed at 0-40 cm soil layers of each treatment at the harvest stage of melon. Meanwhile, the soil NO_3~--N contents were reduced with the increasing of depth in 0-100 cm soil profiles, and soil NO_3~--N accumulates increased with increasing of the application amount of chemical fertilizer nitrogen. And soil NO_3~--N accumulation of each treatment(0-40 cm)accounted for 46.74%-51.84% of total accumulation(0-100 cm). Melon nitrogen uptakes, soil NO_3~--N accumulation and nitrogen apparent loss were positively correlated with the nitrogen application rates. Melon nitrogen uptakes, soil NO_3~--N accumulation and nitrogen apparent loss accounted for 41.27%-41.36%,42.62%-43.41% and 15.32%-16.02% of the total nitrogen input, respectively.【Conclusion】The best nitrogen application rate was 180 kg·hm~(-2) under plastic cover with drip irrigation in melon production of Hexi corridor oasis irrigation area.
【Objective】The study was aimed at dealing with the problems of fertilization on muskmelon production in field, and the effects of fertilizer on muskmelon yields, soil nitrate accumulation, nitrogen balance of soil nitrogen and nitrogen use efficiency under plastic mulching with drip irrigation were investigated. The purpose of this study was to provide theoretical basis for rational amount of applied nitrogen in muskmelon of fertigation system in Hexi irrigating region.【Method】The field experiment was carried out under plastic mulching with drip irrigation in muskmelon using the split plot design from 2016 to 2017. There was five nitrogen levels, including 0(N_0), 60(N_(60)), 120(N_(120)), 180(N_(180)), and 240 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(240)), in sub plots to investigate the influence of different fertilizing amount of nitrogen on nutrient absorption and yield of muskmelon. The soil nitrate nitrogen distribution and accumulation were measured at the seeding, vining, fruit-set and mature stages. Furthermore, we also measured the yield of muskmelon at maturity.【Result】The results showed that the yield of the N_(180) treatment was higher than other treatments but it was showed no significant difference compared to N_(240). Nitrogen absorption of melon fruits and nitrogen harvest index were highest under N_(180) treatment. And the higher nitrogen recover efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen physiological efficiency were observed under the treatment of N_(180) for two years, the ranges about 39.59%-40.22%, 56.61-61.44 kg·kg~(-1) and 142.98-152.76 kg·kg~(-1), respectively. And the highest soil NO_3~--N content were observed at 0-40 cm soil layers of each treatment at the harvest stage of melon. Meanwhile, the soil NO_3~--N contents were reduced with the increasing of depth in 0-100 cm soil profiles, and soil NO_3~--N accumulates increased with increasing of the application amount of chemical fertilizer nitrogen. And soil NO_3~--N accumulation of each treatment(0-40 cm)accounted for 46.74%-51.84% of total accumulation(0-100 cm). Melon nitrogen uptakes, soil NO_3~--N accumulation and nitrogen apparent loss were positively correlated with the nitrogen application rates. Melon nitrogen uptakes, soil NO_3~--N accumulation and nitrogen apparent loss accounted for 41.27%-41.36%,42.62%-43.41% and 15.32%-16.02% of the total nitrogen input, respectively.【Conclusion】The best nitrogen application rate was 180 kg·hm~(-2) under plastic cover with drip irrigation in melon production of Hexi corridor oasis irrigation area.
引文
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