美国国家公园管理机构设置详解及其对我国的启示
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摘要
美国是世界上最早建立国家公园管理机构的国家之一,1916年。美国国家公园服务局(National Park Service—NPS)成立,至今已逾百年。NPS为美国自然景观、自然资源、野生动物、历史文化资源的保护提供了重要的机构支撑,也为游客体验非凡的自然、历史和文化之美提供了便利。NPS隶属于美国内政部,其机构设置采取总局-(分)局(或地区办公室)-司(中心或办公室)-处四级管理体系,分局按照国会和对外关系、运营、行政管理三部分设置,目前共有23个,包括7个区域办公室,分局下设120余个司(中心或办公室)。总体来看NPS机构完善、权责明确、协调有力,较好地平衡了国家公园中保护与利用的关系,管理效果显著,其设置特点和成功经验值得我国深入借鉴学习。
As one of the first nations in the world to establish a national park administration, the National Park Services (NPS) was established in 1916 in America, and has been for more than a century since then. NPS has provided important institutional support for the protection of natural landscapes, natural resources, wildlife and historical and cultural resources in the United States, as well as facilitating visitors to experience extraordinary natural, historical and cultural beauty. NPS is affiliated with the US Department of the Interior, and is set up in a four-level administration system of the Director-Directorate (Regional Office)-Office(or Center)-Division (or Branch). Further, setting up according to the three parts of the Congressional & External Relations, Management & Administra-tion and Operations. NPS now consists of 23 directorates, including 7 regional offices and more than 120 offices and centers. In general, these organizations in NPS fit each other well with clearly-defined powers and responsibilities, and efficient coordination in a wide variety of disciplines and organizations. More importantly, NPS has remarkable administration achievements by well balancing the relationship between protection and utilization in national parks, and therefore, these characteristics and successful experiences are worthy of further study in China.
As one of the first nations in the world to establish a national park administration, the National Park Services (NPS) was established in 1916 in America, and has been for more than a century since then. NPS has provided important institutional support for the protection of natural landscapes, natural resources, wildlife and historical and cultural resources in the United States, as well as facilitating visitors to experience extraordinary natural, historical and cultural beauty. NPS is affiliated with the US Department of the Interior, and is set up in a four-level administration system of the Director-Directorate (Regional Office)-Office(or Center)-Division (or Branch). Further, setting up according to the three parts of the Congressional & External Relations, Management & Administra-tion and Operations. NPS now consists of 23 directorates, including 7 regional offices and more than 120 offices and centers. In general, these organizations in NPS fit each other well with clearly-defined powers and responsibilities, and efficient coordination in a wide variety of disciplines and organizations. More importantly, NPS has remarkable administration achievements by well balancing the relationship between protection and utilization in national parks, and therefore, these characteristics and successful experiences are worthy of further study in China.
引文
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习近平.决胜全面建成小康社会,夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利--中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告[R].2017
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National Park Service.National Park Service Overview.2017
National Park Service.Organizational Structure of the National Park Service[EB/OL].2018a.https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/organizational-structure.htm.
National Park Service.National Park Service Headquarters Organization[Z].2018b.
National Park Service.Fiscal Year 2019 Budget Justifications and Performance Information[R].2018
孟宪民.美国国家公园体系的管理经验--兼谈对中国风景名胜区的启示[J].世界林业研究,2007,20(1):75~79
苏杨.事权统一、责权相当,中央出钱、指导有方--解读《建立国家公园体制总体方案》之一[J].中国发展观察,2017(19):95~102
苏杨.用国家公园进行野生动物保护的是与非--解读《建立国家公园体制总体方案》之四[J].中国发展观察,2018(2):46~51
唐芳林.关于国家公园,需厘清哪些关系?[J].中国生态文明,2017(1):83
吴保光.美国国家公园体系的起源及其形成[D].厦门大学,2009
习近平.决胜全面建成小康社会,夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利--中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告[R].2017
杨锐.论中国国家公园体制建设中的九对关系[J].中国园林,2014(8):5~8
张利明.美国国家公园资金保障机制概述--以2019财年预算草案为例[J].林业经济,2018,40(7):71~75
中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅.建立国家公园体制总体方案[Z].2017
中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第三次全体会议公报[Z].2013
中国共产党中央委员会.深化党和国家机构改革方案[Z].2018
National Park Service.National Park Service Overview.2017
National Park Service.Organizational Structure of the National Park Service[EB/OL].2018a.https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/organizational-structure.htm.
National Park Service.National Park Service Headquarters Organization[Z].2018b.
National Park Service.Fiscal Year 2019 Budget Justifications and Performance Information[R].2018