群体密度和混播群体结构对箭筈豌豆种子产量和质量的影响
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摘要
本研究综合分析了群体密度和混播群落结构对箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)的种子产量、质量和种子产量构成等性状的影响。将播量作为群体密度控制因素,将混播方式(同行混播、异行混播)和混播比例作为群落结构的控制因素。结果表明:1)随着播量的增加,种子产量呈增加趋势,各混播处理种子产量均小于单播处理,但发芽势有所提升;随着箭筈豌豆混播比例的增加,种子产量和种子发芽势均呈增加趋势,混播方式(同行、异行混播)对种子产量和质量的影响较小。2)群体密度和群落结构主要通过影响箭筈豌豆分枝数和结荚数来影响其种子产量;而荚长、每荚籽粒数、发芽率等生物学性状变化较小。3)燕麦(Avena sativa)在混播系统中处于强竞争者的地位,提高箭筈豌豆混播比例和采用异行混播有利于增加其竞争率,也有利于提高种子产量。因此,在冷凉地区进行箭筈豌豆种子生产,其播量应高于120 kg·hm–2为宜;为了提高箭筈豌豆种子产量和质量,防止倒伏,可采用箭筈豌豆混播比例高于75%+异行混播方式进行种子田建设。
This study investigated the effects of population density and community structure on seed production of Vicia sativa in a cool climate region. We analysed and compared the seed yield, seed quality, seed yield components, and other biological characteristics of different sowing rates, sowing ratios, and patterns(mixed cropping and intercropping with Avena sativa). Results show that seed yield increased with increasing sowing rates. The seed yields of mixed cropping and intercropping were less than that of monoculture, but seed quality(germination potential) was better. Seed yield and quality increased with increasing V. sativa sowing ratios. The mixed patterns affected seed yield and quality. Population density and community structure influenced shoots per plant(Sh/P), pods per plant(Po/P), and, in some cases, pod length, seeds per pod,and germination rate. In the mixed cropping and intercropping systems, A. sativa was a stronger competitor than V. sativa. To increase V. sativa seed yield and seed quality, the competition ratio of V. sativa in mixed communities needs to be improved by increasing the mixed ratios of V. sativa and using an intercropping pattern. In conclusion, V. sativa seed fields need higher sowing quantities(equal or more than 120 kg·ha–1), 75% V. sativa seeding rate + intercropping pattern, and higher mixed ratios in cool climate pastoral areas.
This study investigated the effects of population density and community structure on seed production of Vicia sativa in a cool climate region. We analysed and compared the seed yield, seed quality, seed yield components, and other biological characteristics of different sowing rates, sowing ratios, and patterns(mixed cropping and intercropping with Avena sativa). Results show that seed yield increased with increasing sowing rates. The seed yields of mixed cropping and intercropping were less than that of monoculture, but seed quality(germination potential) was better. Seed yield and quality increased with increasing V. sativa sowing ratios. The mixed patterns affected seed yield and quality. Population density and community structure influenced shoots per plant(Sh/P), pods per plant(Po/P), and, in some cases, pod length, seeds per pod,and germination rate. In the mixed cropping and intercropping systems, A. sativa was a stronger competitor than V. sativa. To increase V. sativa seed yield and seed quality, the competition ratio of V. sativa in mixed communities needs to be improved by increasing the mixed ratios of V. sativa and using an intercropping pattern. In conclusion, V. sativa seed fields need higher sowing quantities(equal or more than 120 kg·ha–1), 75% V. sativa seeding rate + intercropping pattern, and higher mixed ratios in cool climate pastoral areas.
引文
[1]陈默君,贾慎修.中国饲用植物.北京:中国农业出版社,2002:673-675.CHEN M J,JIA S X.Chinese Forage Plants.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2002:673-675.
[2]南志标,张吉宇,王彦荣,李春杰,聂斌,张建全,赵宏.五个箭筈豌豆品系基因型与环境互作效应及农艺性状稳定性.生态学报,2004,24(3):395-401.NAN Z B,ZHANG J Y,WANG Y R,LI C J,NIE B,ZHANG J Q,ZHAO H.Genotype×environment interactions and consistency analysis for agronomic characteristics of five Vicia sativa lines.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(3):395-401.
[3]马春晖,韩建国,李鸿祥,毛培胜,戎郁萍.冬牧70黑麦+箭豌豆混播草地生物量、品质及种间竟争的动态研究.草业学报,1999,8(4):56-64.MA C H,HAN J G,LI H X,MAO P S,RONG Y P.The dynamical studies on biomass,qualities and interspecific competition of the rye and vetch mixture.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,1999,8(4):56-64.
[4]蒋海亮,张清平,沈禹颖.黄土高原旱塬区间作比例对燕麦/箭筈豌豆系统的影响.草业科学,2014,31(2):272-277.JIANG H L,ZHANG Q P,SHEN Y Y.Effects of intercropping ratio on autumn-sowing oats/common vetch system on the Loess Plateau.Pratacultural Science,2014,31(2):272-277.
[5]杨文才,拉巴,魏巍.氮磷配施对西藏河谷农区燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播产量及品质的影响.作物杂志,2016(5):75-80.YANG W C,Laba,WEI W.Effects of combined application of N and P fertilizers on the yield and quality of oat-pea mixture in agricultural areas of river valleys in Tibet.Crops,2016(5):75-80.
[6]WIT C T de,BERGH J P van den.Competition between herbage plants.Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science,1965,13:212-221.
[7]游明鸿,刘金平,白史且,张新全,李达旭.行距对“川草2号”老芒麦生殖枝及种子产量性状的影响.草业学报,2011,20(6):299-304.YOU M H,LIU J P,BAI S Q,ZHANG X Q,LI D X.Influences of row spacing on fertile tillers and characters of seed yield of Elymus sibiricus cv.Chuancao No.2.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(6):299-304.
[8]王雁丽,郑敏娜.播种行距和灌水量对春箭筈豌豆种子产量及其构成因素的影响.中国农学通报,2014,30(26):6-10.WANG Y L,ZHENG M N.Influence of row spacing and irrigation rate on seed yield of Vicia sativa.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(26):6-10.
[9]冯晓敏,杨永,任长忠,胡跃高,曾昭海.豆科-燕麦间作对作物光合特性及籽粒产量的影响.作物学报,2015,41(9):1426-1434.FENG X M,YANG Y,REN C Z,HU Y G,ZENG Z H.Effects of legumes intercropping with oat on photosynthesis characteristics of and grain yield.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(9):1426-1434.
[10]陈功,李锦华,周青平.高寒牧区春箭豌豆生产性能的研究.青海草业,1991,8(3):10-12.CHEN G,LI J H,ZHOU Q P.The study of vetch production in the cold pastoral area.Qinghai Prataculturae,1991,8(3):10-12.
[11]毛培胜,侯龙鱼,王明亚.中国北方牧草种子生产的限制因素和关键技术.科学通报,2016,61(2):250-260.MAO P S,HOU L Y,WANG M Y.Limited factors and key technologies of forage seed production in the northern of China.Chinese Science Bulletin,2016,61(2):250-260.
[12]游永亮,李源,赵海明,武瑞鑫,刘贵波,翟兰菊.种植密度对饲用小黑麦、饲用黑麦种子生产性能的影响.草业科学,2017,34(7):1522-1529.YOU Y L,LI Y,ZHAO H M,WU R X,LIU G B,ZHAI L J.Effect of planting density on×Triticale Wittmack and Secale cereale seed productivity.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(7):1522-1529.
[13]芶久兰,秦松,孙锐锋,肖厚军,王文华.箭筈豌豆旱地留种技术规程.贵州农业科学,2012,40(10):79-80.GOU J L,QIN S,SUN R F,XIAO H J,WANG W H.Technical regulation of vetch seed production in dry land.Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(10):79-80.
[14]LITHOURGIDIS A S,VASILAKOGLOU I B,DHIMA K V,DORDAS C A,YIAKOULAKI M D.Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seeding ratios.Field Crops Research,2006,99:106-113.
[15]DHIMA K V,LITHOURGIDIS A S,VASILAKOGLOU I B,DORDAS C A.Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio.Field Crops Research,2007,100:249-256.
[16]BING?L N T,KARSLI M A,YILMAZ I H,BOLAT D.The effects of planting time and combination on the nutrient composition and digestible dry matter yield of four mixtures of vetch varieties intercropped with barley.Turkish Journal of Veterinary&Animal Sciences,2007,31(5):297-302.
[17]李佶恺,孙涛,旺扎,李洪影,崔国文.西藏地区燕麦与箭筈豌豆不同混播比例对牧草产量和质量的影响.草地学报,2011,19(5):830-833.LI J K,SUN T,Wangzha,LI H Y,CUI G W.Effects on mixture sowing ratio on the yield and quality of both vetch and oat in Tibet.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(5):830-833.
[18]赵彩霞,何文清,胡跃高,董慧明,佘小玲.低氮环境下燕麦与箭筈豌豆间混作与刈割时间对饲草产量及质量特性的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(5):5-9.ZHAO C X,HE W Q,HU Y G,DONG H M,SHE X L.Effect of intercropping or mixture and harvest time on forage yield and quality of oat and pea under low soil nitrogen environment.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2006,24(5):5-9.
[19]曹仲华,魏军,杨富裕,曹社会.西藏山南地区箭筈豌豆与春青稞混播效应的研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(1):73-78.CAO Z H,WEI J,YANG F Y,CAO S H.Study on the effects of the common vetch-spring barley mixture in the Shannan Area of Tibet.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2008,36(1):73-78.
[20]中华人民共和国国家标准.牧草种子检验规程.北京:技术标准出版社,2011,31-49:85-89.State Bureau of Quality Control of China(SBQCC).Rules for Forage Seed Testing.Beijing:Standards Press of China,2011,31-49:85-89.
[21]JONATHAN S,DEBORAH C.Introduction to Plant Population Ecology.New Jersey:Wiley-Blackwell,1982:147-155.
[22]WIT C T de.On Competition.Versl.Londbouwk Orderzoek,Wageningen,1960,66(8):1-82.
[23]KARPENSTEIN-MACHAN M,STUELPNAGEL R.Biomass yield and nitrogen fixation of legumes monocropped and intercropped with rye and rotation effects on a subsequent maize crop.Plant and Soil,2000,218:215-232.
[24]韩文斌,任胜茂,罗阳春,马雪清,谢树果,曹卫东.播期和播量对橘园间作下山黧豆产量及农艺性状的影响.草业科学,2015,32(12):2089-2093.HAN W B,REN S M,LUO Y C,MA X Q,XIE S G,CAO W D.Effects of sowing date and sowing rate on yields and agronomic traits of grass pea intercropped with citrus.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(12):2089-2093.
[25]Askarian M,Hampton J G,Hill M J.Effect of row spacing and sowing rate on seed production of Lucerne.New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture,1995,38(2):289-295.
[26]ZHANG Z,YUN J F,WEN C.Effect of Different Plant Diversity on Seed Yield of Mongolia Wheatgrass.Multifunctional Grasslands in a Changing World(VolumeⅡ).Guangzhou:Guangdong People's Publishing House,2008,618.
[27]于辉,郑伟,张鲜花,唐高溶,王祥,朱进忠.群落空间结构对豆禾混播草地种间竞争关系的影响.新疆农业大学学报,2015,38(2):87-92.YU H,ZHENG W,ZHANG X H,TANG G R,WANG X,ZHU J Z.Effects of spatial structure on the relationship of interspecific competition in legume-grass mixtures community.Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2015,38(2):87-92.
[28]朱亚琼,郑伟,王祥,关正翾,刘美君.混播方式对无芒雀麦+红豆草混播草地植物生长效率及混播效应的影响.草业科学,2017,34(11):2335-2346.ZHU Y Q,ZHENG W,WANG X,GUAN Z X,LIU M J.Effect of mixed pattern on growth efficiency and mixed advantage of Bromus innermis+Onobrychis viciaefolia mixture pasture.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(11):2335-2346.
[2]南志标,张吉宇,王彦荣,李春杰,聂斌,张建全,赵宏.五个箭筈豌豆品系基因型与环境互作效应及农艺性状稳定性.生态学报,2004,24(3):395-401.NAN Z B,ZHANG J Y,WANG Y R,LI C J,NIE B,ZHANG J Q,ZHAO H.Genotype×environment interactions and consistency analysis for agronomic characteristics of five Vicia sativa lines.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(3):395-401.
[3]马春晖,韩建国,李鸿祥,毛培胜,戎郁萍.冬牧70黑麦+箭豌豆混播草地生物量、品质及种间竟争的动态研究.草业学报,1999,8(4):56-64.MA C H,HAN J G,LI H X,MAO P S,RONG Y P.The dynamical studies on biomass,qualities and interspecific competition of the rye and vetch mixture.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,1999,8(4):56-64.
[4]蒋海亮,张清平,沈禹颖.黄土高原旱塬区间作比例对燕麦/箭筈豌豆系统的影响.草业科学,2014,31(2):272-277.JIANG H L,ZHANG Q P,SHEN Y Y.Effects of intercropping ratio on autumn-sowing oats/common vetch system on the Loess Plateau.Pratacultural Science,2014,31(2):272-277.
[5]杨文才,拉巴,魏巍.氮磷配施对西藏河谷农区燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播产量及品质的影响.作物杂志,2016(5):75-80.YANG W C,Laba,WEI W.Effects of combined application of N and P fertilizers on the yield and quality of oat-pea mixture in agricultural areas of river valleys in Tibet.Crops,2016(5):75-80.
[6]WIT C T de,BERGH J P van den.Competition between herbage plants.Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science,1965,13:212-221.
[7]游明鸿,刘金平,白史且,张新全,李达旭.行距对“川草2号”老芒麦生殖枝及种子产量性状的影响.草业学报,2011,20(6):299-304.YOU M H,LIU J P,BAI S Q,ZHANG X Q,LI D X.Influences of row spacing on fertile tillers and characters of seed yield of Elymus sibiricus cv.Chuancao No.2.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(6):299-304.
[8]王雁丽,郑敏娜.播种行距和灌水量对春箭筈豌豆种子产量及其构成因素的影响.中国农学通报,2014,30(26):6-10.WANG Y L,ZHENG M N.Influence of row spacing and irrigation rate on seed yield of Vicia sativa.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(26):6-10.
[9]冯晓敏,杨永,任长忠,胡跃高,曾昭海.豆科-燕麦间作对作物光合特性及籽粒产量的影响.作物学报,2015,41(9):1426-1434.FENG X M,YANG Y,REN C Z,HU Y G,ZENG Z H.Effects of legumes intercropping with oat on photosynthesis characteristics of and grain yield.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(9):1426-1434.
[10]陈功,李锦华,周青平.高寒牧区春箭豌豆生产性能的研究.青海草业,1991,8(3):10-12.CHEN G,LI J H,ZHOU Q P.The study of vetch production in the cold pastoral area.Qinghai Prataculturae,1991,8(3):10-12.
[11]毛培胜,侯龙鱼,王明亚.中国北方牧草种子生产的限制因素和关键技术.科学通报,2016,61(2):250-260.MAO P S,HOU L Y,WANG M Y.Limited factors and key technologies of forage seed production in the northern of China.Chinese Science Bulletin,2016,61(2):250-260.
[12]游永亮,李源,赵海明,武瑞鑫,刘贵波,翟兰菊.种植密度对饲用小黑麦、饲用黑麦种子生产性能的影响.草业科学,2017,34(7):1522-1529.YOU Y L,LI Y,ZHAO H M,WU R X,LIU G B,ZHAI L J.Effect of planting density on×Triticale Wittmack and Secale cereale seed productivity.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(7):1522-1529.
[13]芶久兰,秦松,孙锐锋,肖厚军,王文华.箭筈豌豆旱地留种技术规程.贵州农业科学,2012,40(10):79-80.GOU J L,QIN S,SUN R F,XIAO H J,WANG W H.Technical regulation of vetch seed production in dry land.Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(10):79-80.
[14]LITHOURGIDIS A S,VASILAKOGLOU I B,DHIMA K V,DORDAS C A,YIAKOULAKI M D.Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seeding ratios.Field Crops Research,2006,99:106-113.
[15]DHIMA K V,LITHOURGIDIS A S,VASILAKOGLOU I B,DORDAS C A.Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio.Field Crops Research,2007,100:249-256.
[16]BING?L N T,KARSLI M A,YILMAZ I H,BOLAT D.The effects of planting time and combination on the nutrient composition and digestible dry matter yield of four mixtures of vetch varieties intercropped with barley.Turkish Journal of Veterinary&Animal Sciences,2007,31(5):297-302.
[17]李佶恺,孙涛,旺扎,李洪影,崔国文.西藏地区燕麦与箭筈豌豆不同混播比例对牧草产量和质量的影响.草地学报,2011,19(5):830-833.LI J K,SUN T,Wangzha,LI H Y,CUI G W.Effects on mixture sowing ratio on the yield and quality of both vetch and oat in Tibet.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(5):830-833.
[18]赵彩霞,何文清,胡跃高,董慧明,佘小玲.低氮环境下燕麦与箭筈豌豆间混作与刈割时间对饲草产量及质量特性的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(5):5-9.ZHAO C X,HE W Q,HU Y G,DONG H M,SHE X L.Effect of intercropping or mixture and harvest time on forage yield and quality of oat and pea under low soil nitrogen environment.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2006,24(5):5-9.
[19]曹仲华,魏军,杨富裕,曹社会.西藏山南地区箭筈豌豆与春青稞混播效应的研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(1):73-78.CAO Z H,WEI J,YANG F Y,CAO S H.Study on the effects of the common vetch-spring barley mixture in the Shannan Area of Tibet.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2008,36(1):73-78.
[20]中华人民共和国国家标准.牧草种子检验规程.北京:技术标准出版社,2011,31-49:85-89.State Bureau of Quality Control of China(SBQCC).Rules for Forage Seed Testing.Beijing:Standards Press of China,2011,31-49:85-89.
[21]JONATHAN S,DEBORAH C.Introduction to Plant Population Ecology.New Jersey:Wiley-Blackwell,1982:147-155.
[22]WIT C T de.On Competition.Versl.Londbouwk Orderzoek,Wageningen,1960,66(8):1-82.
[23]KARPENSTEIN-MACHAN M,STUELPNAGEL R.Biomass yield and nitrogen fixation of legumes monocropped and intercropped with rye and rotation effects on a subsequent maize crop.Plant and Soil,2000,218:215-232.
[24]韩文斌,任胜茂,罗阳春,马雪清,谢树果,曹卫东.播期和播量对橘园间作下山黧豆产量及农艺性状的影响.草业科学,2015,32(12):2089-2093.HAN W B,REN S M,LUO Y C,MA X Q,XIE S G,CAO W D.Effects of sowing date and sowing rate on yields and agronomic traits of grass pea intercropped with citrus.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(12):2089-2093.
[25]Askarian M,Hampton J G,Hill M J.Effect of row spacing and sowing rate on seed production of Lucerne.New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture,1995,38(2):289-295.
[26]ZHANG Z,YUN J F,WEN C.Effect of Different Plant Diversity on Seed Yield of Mongolia Wheatgrass.Multifunctional Grasslands in a Changing World(VolumeⅡ).Guangzhou:Guangdong People's Publishing House,2008,618.
[27]于辉,郑伟,张鲜花,唐高溶,王祥,朱进忠.群落空间结构对豆禾混播草地种间竞争关系的影响.新疆农业大学学报,2015,38(2):87-92.YU H,ZHENG W,ZHANG X H,TANG G R,WANG X,ZHU J Z.Effects of spatial structure on the relationship of interspecific competition in legume-grass mixtures community.Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2015,38(2):87-92.
[28]朱亚琼,郑伟,王祥,关正翾,刘美君.混播方式对无芒雀麦+红豆草混播草地植物生长效率及混播效应的影响.草业科学,2017,34(11):2335-2346.ZHU Y Q,ZHENG W,WANG X,GUAN Z X,LIU M J.Effect of mixed pattern on growth efficiency and mixed advantage of Bromus innermis+Onobrychis viciaefolia mixture pasture.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(11):2335-2346.