中国城市高年级小学生食物摄入频次现况
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摘要
目的了解中国高年级小学生食物摄入频次,为相关部门制定学生营养改善政策和计划、开展营养教育提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,从北京、广州、南京、重庆、济南、哈尔滨6个城市的72所小学抽取四、五年级小学生12197名作为研究对象,采用问卷调查食物摄入频次,问卷统一采用自填方式填写。结果参加调查的学生中各类食物摄入频次为"几乎每天都吃"比例最高的为新鲜蔬菜(83.2%),在"几乎不吃"的频次中比例最高的为燕麦类食物(50.2%)。男生全谷物类、畜禽肉类、水产类、蛋类、大豆类、菌藻类食物和营养补充剂的摄入频次高于女生,女生燕麦类食物、新鲜蔬菜、水果食物的摄入频次高于男生;中心城区学生燕麦类、蔬菜类、水果类、畜禽肉类和奶类食物的摄入频次高于近郊城区,近郊城区学生水产类、大豆类、菌藻类食物和营养补充剂的摄入频次高于中心城区;五年级学生燕麦类食物、新鲜蔬菜、水果、畜禽肉类、蛋类、奶类和大豆类食物的摄入频次高于四年级,四年级学生全谷物类、水产类食物和营养补充剂的摄入频次高于五年级,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论不同性别、城区、年级学生的食物摄入频次差异较大。应以学校为核心,家庭、社区相结合,针对不同特征学生开展个性化的营养知识普及教育,从小培养学生健康的饮食行为。
Objective To understand food intake frequency among primary students in six cities of China, and to provide evidence for nutrition education and intervention strategies.Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 12197 grade 4 and grade 5 primary school students from 72 primary schools in Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing,Chongqing,Jinan,Harbin.All the participants were administered with a self-administered questionnaire on dietary behaviors.Results For the fourth and fifth grade primary school students, the highest proportion of "almost every day" was fresh vegetable(83.2%), and the highest proportion of "nearly eaten" was oat(50.2%).There was a remarkable difference between children of different genders, areas and grades.The intake of whole grains, meat and poultry, fishery products, eggs, soybeans and nutritional supplements of boys was higher than that of girls, while the intake of oats, fresh vegetables, fruits, fungi and algae of girls was higher than that of boys.The intake of oats, vegetables, fruits, fungi and algae, meat and poultry, milk of central urban areas students was higher than that of suburban areas students, while the intake of fishery products, soybeans and nutritional supplements of suburban areas students was higher than that of central urban areas students.The intake of oats, fresh vegetables, fruits, meat and poultry, eggs, milk and soybeans of fifth grade students was higher than that of fourth grade students, while the intake of whole grains, fishery foods and nutritional supplements of grade 4 students was higher than that of grade 5 students.The differences were all statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion The frequency of food intake varies among students of different genders, urbanities and grades.School teachers, parents and community workers should make efforts targeting at students with different characteristics to enhance nutritional literacy and cultivate healthy eating behaviors.
Objective To understand food intake frequency among primary students in six cities of China, and to provide evidence for nutrition education and intervention strategies.Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 12197 grade 4 and grade 5 primary school students from 72 primary schools in Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing,Chongqing,Jinan,Harbin.All the participants were administered with a self-administered questionnaire on dietary behaviors.Results For the fourth and fifth grade primary school students, the highest proportion of "almost every day" was fresh vegetable(83.2%), and the highest proportion of "nearly eaten" was oat(50.2%).There was a remarkable difference between children of different genders, areas and grades.The intake of whole grains, meat and poultry, fishery products, eggs, soybeans and nutritional supplements of boys was higher than that of girls, while the intake of oats, fresh vegetables, fruits, fungi and algae of girls was higher than that of boys.The intake of oats, vegetables, fruits, fungi and algae, meat and poultry, milk of central urban areas students was higher than that of suburban areas students, while the intake of fishery products, soybeans and nutritional supplements of suburban areas students was higher than that of central urban areas students.The intake of oats, fresh vegetables, fruits, meat and poultry, eggs, milk and soybeans of fifth grade students was higher than that of fourth grade students, while the intake of whole grains, fishery foods and nutritional supplements of grade 4 students was higher than that of grade 5 students.The differences were all statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion The frequency of food intake varies among students of different genders, urbanities and grades.School teachers, parents and community workers should make efforts targeting at students with different characteristics to enhance nutritional literacy and cultivate healthy eating behaviors.
引文
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[11]王晓蕾,苏畅,欧阳一非,等.不同城市化水平社区儿童青少年膳食结构变化趋势[J].营养学报,2016,38(2):119-123.
[12]李子一,张雅蓉,王金子,等.中国3~12岁儿童膳食种类及摄入量调查[J].中国食物与营养,2014,20(9):78-82.
[13]常继乐,王字.中国居民营养与健康状况监测2010-2013年综合报告[R].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2016:12.
[14]陈江,章荣华,张荷香,等.浙江省城市居民膳食营养摄入状况研究[J].中国预防医学杂志,2011,12(2):170-173.
[15]SLEDDENS E F,KREMERS S P,DE VRIES N K,et al.Relationship between parental feeding styles and eating behaviours of Dutch children aged 6-7[J].Appetite,2010,54(1):30-36.
[16]安欣华.北京市石景山区小学生膳食营养知识态度行为干预效果评价[D].北京:中国疾病预防控制中心,2016.
[17]乜金茹,孙桂菊,王少康,等.营养教学结合健康教育对卫校学生营养KAP的影响研究[J].现代预防医学,2010,37(12):2274-2276.
[2]张吉甜,蔺新英,胡丽丽,等.济南市8~12岁超重、肥胖儿童的膳食结构分析[J].中国卫生事业管理,2012,29(7):554-556.
[3]JC R D,OLTHOF M R,SEIDELL J C,et al.A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children[J].N Engl JMed,2012,367(15):1397-1406.
[4]陈文军,闫晗,谷园园,等.合肥一年级小学生饮食行为与家长营养知识关联性分析[J].中国学校卫生,2014,35(6):829-831.
[5]李妍,李小东,曹建民,等.新疆维吾尔族大学生饮食摄入频率与态度行为现状[J].中国学校卫生,2017,38(2):301-303.
[6]中国营养学会.中国居民膳食指南[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2016.
[7]段一凡.我国四城市儿童青少年饮食行为10年变化的研究[D].北京:中国疾病预防控制中心,2010.
[8]张倩,徐培培,甘倩,等.2010-2012年我国6~17岁儿童鱼禽畜肉摄入频率[J].首都公共卫生,2017,11(4):142-144,154.
[9]BUNING-FESEL M,RUCKERT-JOHN J.Why do men eat how they eat:considerations from a nutritional-and gender-sociological perspective[J].Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2016,59(8):950-956.
[10]童方,米杰,程红,等.北京市儿童青少年副食摄入现况评估[J].中国食物与营养,2012,18(2):73-77.
[11]王晓蕾,苏畅,欧阳一非,等.不同城市化水平社区儿童青少年膳食结构变化趋势[J].营养学报,2016,38(2):119-123.
[12]李子一,张雅蓉,王金子,等.中国3~12岁儿童膳食种类及摄入量调查[J].中国食物与营养,2014,20(9):78-82.
[13]常继乐,王字.中国居民营养与健康状况监测2010-2013年综合报告[R].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2016:12.
[14]陈江,章荣华,张荷香,等.浙江省城市居民膳食营养摄入状况研究[J].中国预防医学杂志,2011,12(2):170-173.
[15]SLEDDENS E F,KREMERS S P,DE VRIES N K,et al.Relationship between parental feeding styles and eating behaviours of Dutch children aged 6-7[J].Appetite,2010,54(1):30-36.
[16]安欣华.北京市石景山区小学生膳食营养知识态度行为干预效果评价[D].北京:中国疾病预防控制中心,2016.
[17]乜金茹,孙桂菊,王少康,等.营养教学结合健康教育对卫校学生营养KAP的影响研究[J].现代预防医学,2010,37(12):2274-2276.