二战时期的中国重庆对外交往初步研究——以文本文献和影像文献互证的尝试
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摘要
中国的抗日战争是第二次世界大战的一部分,已成为当代学术研究的宏大领域。抗战时期的中国影像文献是世界观察中国的史料宝库。发掘并利用这一宝库,运用影像史的理论和方法,可以极大地推进中国抗日战争史的研究。拓展国际视野,以世界的眼光看中国,以战时重庆外交界为切入点,运用文本文献与影像文献的互证,共同还原抗战时期驻华外交使团的历史场景,进而展现战时重庆外交界创造并见证的中国近代历史的转折时刻,从新的视角论证中国在抗日战争中付出的巨大牺牲,彰显中国为反法西斯战争胜利做出的巨大贡献,和抗日战争对中华民族伟大复兴所发挥的转折性作用。
China's war of resistance against Japanese aggression is part of the history of the second world war,and is a grand field of academic research and a huge number of research projects. The image of China during the resistance war is a resources repository of historic images to observe the war through the lens of the international world. Exploring and utilizing this treasure house and using the theory and methods of historiophoty can greatly advance the study of the history of China's resistance war against Japanese aggression. Expanding the international perspective,looking at China from the perspective of the world,using the diplomatic circles of the wartime Chongqing as an entry point,using both evidences from historical documents and historic image materials to jointly restore the historical scene of diplomatic missions in China during the war against Japanese aggression,which then shows the turning point of China's modern history created and witnessed by the diplomatic circles in Chongqing during the war. This paper discusses and proves the great sacrifice China has made in the war of resistance against Japanese aggression from a new perspective,and demonstrates the historical contribution China has made to the victory of the war of resistance against fascism,as well as the pivotal role of the war of resistance against Japanese aggression in the transition of the great rejuvenation of Chinese nation.
China's war of resistance against Japanese aggression is part of the history of the second world war,and is a grand field of academic research and a huge number of research projects. The image of China during the resistance war is a resources repository of historic images to observe the war through the lens of the international world. Exploring and utilizing this treasure house and using the theory and methods of historiophoty can greatly advance the study of the history of China's resistance war against Japanese aggression. Expanding the international perspective,looking at China from the perspective of the world,using the diplomatic circles of the wartime Chongqing as an entry point,using both evidences from historical documents and historic image materials to jointly restore the historical scene of diplomatic missions in China during the war against Japanese aggression,which then shows the turning point of China's modern history created and witnessed by the diplomatic circles in Chongqing during the war. This paper discusses and proves the great sacrifice China has made in the war of resistance against Japanese aggression from a new perspective,and demonstrates the historical contribution China has made to the victory of the war of resistance against fascism,as well as the pivotal role of the war of resistance against Japanese aggression in the transition of the great rejuvenation of Chinese nation.
引文
[1]石源华主编.民国外交官传记丛书[M].石家庄:河北人民出版社,1999;岳谦厚《学人外交官:国民政府外交使节组成的新变化》[J],山西师大学报(社会科学版),2003(4).
[2]牛瑞芳.我党外事工作在重庆开启新局面——王炳南与中共中央南方局外事组[J],红岩春秋,2012(1).
[3]四川省地方志编纂委员会编纂.四川省志·外事志[M].成都:巴蜀书社,2000;重庆外事志编纂委员会《重庆市志·外事志》,2005年内部发行;苏光文抗战时期重庆的对外交往[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1995.
[4]Rey Scott.KUKAN:The Secret of Unconquerable China.雷伊·斯科特撰稿,周昌文记录、翻译:美国电影纪录片《苦干――中国不可战胜的秘密》解说词,抗战文史研究(第5辑)[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2016.
[5]拉纳·米德.Rana Mitter:Forgotten Ally:China's World War II,1937-1945[M]. New York:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2013-9-10.
[6]李长春.在纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利60周年学术研讨会开幕式上的讲话[N].人民日报,2005-9-3.
[7]我市启动中国抗战大后方历史文化研究和建设工程[N],重庆日报,2010-05-28.
[8]习近平同马英九会面[Z/OL](2017-11-7)http://www. xinhuanet. com/politics/2015-11/07/c_1117071846. htm.http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-11/07/c_1117071846.htm
[9]四川省地方志编纂委员会编纂.四川省志·外事志[M].成都:巴蜀书社,2000.
[10]重庆外事志编撰委员会主编.重庆外事志,2005年内部发行.
[11]苏光文.抗战时期重庆的对外交往[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1995.
[12]周勇,徐重宁主编.史迪威将军与中国战区统帅部影像集[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2016;周勇、张克雷著走向平等——战时重庆外交界与中国现代外交的黎明曙光[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2017.
[13]这一数量统计是一个十分复杂的过程,周勇与张克雷在《走向平等——战时重庆外交界与中国现代外交的黎明曙光》(重庆出版社,2017年)一书第三、四、五、六章中有详细的说明。
[14]隗瀛涛,周勇.重庆开埠史[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1983.
[15]周勇,张克雷.走向平等——战时重庆外交界与中国现代外交的黎明曙光[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2017
[16]附录四《中外新条约一览》(见周勇,张克雷《走向平等——战时重庆外交界与中国现代外交的黎明曙光》[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2017.)
[17]"Clagett and 2 Aides Arrive in Chungking.”[N],New York Times,1941-05-08
[18]List of Foreign Military Attachés and Military Missions in Chungking(在渝外国武官及军事使团名录),1944-10(CMA0061*1*4).
[19]List of Foreign Military Attachés and Military Missions in Chungking(在渝外国武官及军事使团名录),1944-10(CMA0061*1*4).
[20]荷兰驻渝公使白鲁格男爵于1942年2月28日写给国民政府外交部代理部长蒋介石大元帅的信件(AH 020-100400-020);荷兰驻渝公使白鲁格男爵于1942年7月14日写给万德和(N.A. van den Heuvel)的信件(DNA2.05.90/689).
[21]“Indian Leader Hailed on Arrival in China”[N],New York Times,1939-08-26.
[22]National Foreign Affairs Annals,1940;“Chamberlain Step in India Indicated”[N],New York Times,1940-01-14;“Sir Stafford Cripps on Way to Chungking”[N],North China Herald,1940-01-17.
[23]“Discussion of Sino-Burma Problems”[N],The Straits Times,1941-01-25.
[24]Frank L. Kluckhohn,“Roosevelt Sending Aide to China”[N],New York Times,1941-1-24;“Gen. Chiang Received Roosevelt’s Letter”[N],New York Times,1941-02-08
[25]“Hears Alarm in Chungking”[N],New York Times,1941-04-29;“Capt. Roosevelt Visits Chungking”[N],New York Times,1941-04-30.
[26]“Chungking Acclaim Welcomes Willkie”[N],New York Times,1940-10-03.
[27]“British Mission in China”[N],New York Times,1942-11-12.
[2]牛瑞芳.我党外事工作在重庆开启新局面——王炳南与中共中央南方局外事组[J],红岩春秋,2012(1).
[3]四川省地方志编纂委员会编纂.四川省志·外事志[M].成都:巴蜀书社,2000;重庆外事志编纂委员会《重庆市志·外事志》,2005年内部发行;苏光文抗战时期重庆的对外交往[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1995.
[4]Rey Scott.KUKAN:The Secret of Unconquerable China.雷伊·斯科特撰稿,周昌文记录、翻译:美国电影纪录片《苦干――中国不可战胜的秘密》解说词,抗战文史研究(第5辑)[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2016.
[5]拉纳·米德.Rana Mitter:Forgotten Ally:China's World War II,1937-1945[M]. New York:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2013-9-10.
[6]李长春.在纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利60周年学术研讨会开幕式上的讲话[N].人民日报,2005-9-3.
[7]我市启动中国抗战大后方历史文化研究和建设工程[N],重庆日报,2010-05-28.
[8]习近平同马英九会面[Z/OL](2017-11-7)http://www. xinhuanet. com/politics/2015-11/07/c_1117071846. htm.http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-11/07/c_1117071846.htm
[9]四川省地方志编纂委员会编纂.四川省志·外事志[M].成都:巴蜀书社,2000.
[10]重庆外事志编撰委员会主编.重庆外事志,2005年内部发行.
[11]苏光文.抗战时期重庆的对外交往[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1995.
[12]周勇,徐重宁主编.史迪威将军与中国战区统帅部影像集[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2016;周勇、张克雷著走向平等——战时重庆外交界与中国现代外交的黎明曙光[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2017.
[13]这一数量统计是一个十分复杂的过程,周勇与张克雷在《走向平等——战时重庆外交界与中国现代外交的黎明曙光》(重庆出版社,2017年)一书第三、四、五、六章中有详细的说明。
[14]隗瀛涛,周勇.重庆开埠史[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1983.
[15]周勇,张克雷.走向平等——战时重庆外交界与中国现代外交的黎明曙光[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2017
[16]附录四《中外新条约一览》(见周勇,张克雷《走向平等——战时重庆外交界与中国现代外交的黎明曙光》[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2017.)
[17]"Clagett and 2 Aides Arrive in Chungking.”[N],New York Times,1941-05-08
[18]List of Foreign Military Attachés and Military Missions in Chungking(在渝外国武官及军事使团名录),1944-10(CMA0061*1*4).
[19]List of Foreign Military Attachés and Military Missions in Chungking(在渝外国武官及军事使团名录),1944-10(CMA0061*1*4).
[20]荷兰驻渝公使白鲁格男爵于1942年2月28日写给国民政府外交部代理部长蒋介石大元帅的信件(AH 020-100400-020);荷兰驻渝公使白鲁格男爵于1942年7月14日写给万德和(N.A. van den Heuvel)的信件(DNA2.05.90/689).
[21]“Indian Leader Hailed on Arrival in China”[N],New York Times,1939-08-26.
[22]National Foreign Affairs Annals,1940;“Chamberlain Step in India Indicated”[N],New York Times,1940-01-14;“Sir Stafford Cripps on Way to Chungking”[N],North China Herald,1940-01-17.
[23]“Discussion of Sino-Burma Problems”[N],The Straits Times,1941-01-25.
[24]Frank L. Kluckhohn,“Roosevelt Sending Aide to China”[N],New York Times,1941-1-24;“Gen. Chiang Received Roosevelt’s Letter”[N],New York Times,1941-02-08
[25]“Hears Alarm in Chungking”[N],New York Times,1941-04-29;“Capt. Roosevelt Visits Chungking”[N],New York Times,1941-04-30.
[26]“Chungking Acclaim Welcomes Willkie”[N],New York Times,1940-10-03.
[27]“British Mission in China”[N],New York Times,1942-11-12.