中国出口对目的地企业就业技能结构的影响——基于出口目的地企业样本的分析
|
摘要
文章采用2007～2016年68个中国出口目的地的4万多家企业数据,考察了中国出口对出口目的地企业就业技能结构的影响。研究发现:(1)中国出口虽然降低了出口目的地企业的就业规模,但促进了出口目的地企业就业技能结构的优化。(2)中国出口对中低收入国家、非OECD国家、非"一带一路"沿线国家企业就业技能结构的优化作用更大,对规模较小、无国际质量认证企业的作用更大。中国中间品出口对目的地企业就业技能结构的优化作用大于资本品和消费品。(3)从企业的创新方式看,与产品引进、流程引进不同,中低收入水平出口目的地企业的研发投入行为强化了中国出口对企业就业技能结构的优化作用。(4)与主要发达国家的出口影响不同,中国出口影响具有特殊性。
Using data of more than 40 000 enterprises in 68 export destinations during 2007-2016, this paper examines the impact of China's export on the employment structure of enterprises in destinations. The results are as follows.(1) China's export reduces the employment size of the enterprises in destinations, but it promotes the employment structure upgrading.(2) China's export plays a greater role in optimizing the employment structure of enterprises in low-and middle-income countries, non-OECD countries and the countries away from the Belt and Road. And the effect is especially salient for the enterprises of smaller sizes and with no international quality certifications. The export of intermediate goods shows greater effects than that of capital goods or consumption goods.(3) From the perspective of enterprises' innovations, independent innovations of enterprises in low-and middle-income countries have strengthened the optimization effect of China's export on the employment structure.(4) The impact of export differs by countries, in which China's case is special.
Using data of more than 40 000 enterprises in 68 export destinations during 2007-2016, this paper examines the impact of China's export on the employment structure of enterprises in destinations. The results are as follows.(1) China's export reduces the employment size of the enterprises in destinations, but it promotes the employment structure upgrading.(2) China's export plays a greater role in optimizing the employment structure of enterprises in low-and middle-income countries, non-OECD countries and the countries away from the Belt and Road. And the effect is especially salient for the enterprises of smaller sizes and with no international quality certifications. The export of intermediate goods shows greater effects than that of capital goods or consumption goods.(3) From the perspective of enterprises' innovations, independent innovations of enterprises in low-and middle-income countries have strengthened the optimization effect of China's export on the employment structure.(4) The impact of export differs by countries, in which China's case is special.
引文
1.刘玉海、张默涵(2017):《贸易技术含量、偏向型技术进步与中国就业结构》,《国际贸易问题》,第7期。
2.罗长远、张军(2012):《中国出口扩张的创新溢出效应:以泰国为例》,《中国社会科学》,第11期。
3.唐东波(2012):《垂直专业化贸易如何影响了中国的就业结构?》,《经济研究》,第8期。
4.魏浩、李晓庆(2017):《进口贸易对劳动力市场影响研究进展》,《经济学动态》,第4期。
5.魏浩等(2016):《中国进口商品结构变化的估算:2000~2014年》,《世界经济》,第4期。
6.魏浩(2015):《中国出口商品结构变化的重新测算》,《国际贸易问题》,第4期。
7.Acemoglu D.(2003),Patterns of Skill Premia.The Review of Economic Studies.70(2):199-230.
8.魥lvarez R.,Claro S.(2009),David Versus Goliath:The Impact of Chinese Competition on Developing Countries.World Development.37(3):560-571.
9.Amiti M.,Dai M.,Feenstra R.C.,Romalis J.(2017),How Did China’s WTO Entry Affect U.S.Prices?.NBERWorking Paper No.23487.
10.Autor D.H.,Dorn D.,Hanson G.H.(2013),The China Syndrome:Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States.The American Economic Review.103(6):2121-2168.
11.Balsvik R.,Jensen S.,Salvanes K.G.(2015),Made in China,Sold in Norway:Local Labor Market Effects of An Import Shock.Journal of Public Economics.127:137-144.
12.CrinòR.(2012),Imported Inputs and Skill Upgrading.Labour Economics.19(6):957-969.
13.Donoso V.,Martín V.,Minondo A.(2015),Do Differences in the Exposure to Chinese Imports Lead to Differences in Local Labour Market Outcomes?An Analysis for Spanish Provinces.Regional Studies.49(10):1746-1764.
14.Iacovone L.,Rauch F.,Winters L.A.(2013),Trade as an Engine of Creative Destruction:Mexican Experience with Chinese Competition.Journal of International Economics.89(2):379-392.
15.Kasahara H.,Liang Y.,Rodrigue J.(2016),Does Importing Intermediates Increase the Demand for Skilled Workers?Plant-level Evidence from Indonesia.Journal of International Economics.102:242-261.
16.Mendez O.(2015),The Effect ofChinese Import Competition on Mexican Local Labor Markets.The North American Journal of Economics and Finance.34:364-380.
17.Mc Manus T.C.,Schaur G.(2016),The Effects of Import Competition on Worker Health.Journal of International Economics.102:160-172.
18.Mion G.,Zhu L.(2013),Import Competition from and Offshoring to China:A Curse or Blessing for Firms?.Journal of International Economics.89(1):202-215.
19.Pierce J.R.,Schott P.K.(2016),The Surprisingly Swift Decline of US Manufacturing Employment.American Economic Review.106(7):1632-1662.
20.Raveh O.,Reshef A.(2016),Capital Imports Composition,Complementarities,and the Skill Premium in Developing Countries.Journal of Development Economics.118(8):183-206.
21.Rodriguez-Lopez A.,Yu M.(2017),All-Around Table Liberalization and Firm-Level Employment:Theory and Evidence from China.CESifo Working Paper Series.No.6710.
(1)中华人民共和国商务部:《商务部世贸司司长就美国贸易代表办公室2017年度〈中国履行加入世贸组织承诺情况报告〉发表谈话》(http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ag/201801/20180102704083.shtml)。
(2)根据世界银行提供的世界发展指标数据库计算。
(1)Barro-Lee数据库提供的人均受教育年限数据截至2015年,2016年数据采用插值法估算。
(1)在表1模型5、模型6中,企业规模的控制变量修改为企业受访者关于企业规模的回答。该回答为分类变量,1表示小规模企业,2表示中等规模企业,3表示大规模企业。
(1)世界银行企业调查数据库根据企业雇用员工数(包括正式员工和非正式员工)划分企业规模,将员工数在5~19人的企业归为小规模企业,将员工数在20~99人的企业归为中等规模企业,将员工数在100人以上的企业归为大规模企业。
2.罗长远、张军(2012):《中国出口扩张的创新溢出效应:以泰国为例》,《中国社会科学》,第11期。
3.唐东波(2012):《垂直专业化贸易如何影响了中国的就业结构?》,《经济研究》,第8期。
4.魏浩、李晓庆(2017):《进口贸易对劳动力市场影响研究进展》,《经济学动态》,第4期。
5.魏浩等(2016):《中国进口商品结构变化的估算:2000~2014年》,《世界经济》,第4期。
6.魏浩(2015):《中国出口商品结构变化的重新测算》,《国际贸易问题》,第4期。
7.Acemoglu D.(2003),Patterns of Skill Premia.The Review of Economic Studies.70(2):199-230.
8.魥lvarez R.,Claro S.(2009),David Versus Goliath:The Impact of Chinese Competition on Developing Countries.World Development.37(3):560-571.
9.Amiti M.,Dai M.,Feenstra R.C.,Romalis J.(2017),How Did China’s WTO Entry Affect U.S.Prices?.NBERWorking Paper No.23487.
10.Autor D.H.,Dorn D.,Hanson G.H.(2013),The China Syndrome:Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States.The American Economic Review.103(6):2121-2168.
11.Balsvik R.,Jensen S.,Salvanes K.G.(2015),Made in China,Sold in Norway:Local Labor Market Effects of An Import Shock.Journal of Public Economics.127:137-144.
12.CrinòR.(2012),Imported Inputs and Skill Upgrading.Labour Economics.19(6):957-969.
13.Donoso V.,Martín V.,Minondo A.(2015),Do Differences in the Exposure to Chinese Imports Lead to Differences in Local Labour Market Outcomes?An Analysis for Spanish Provinces.Regional Studies.49(10):1746-1764.
14.Iacovone L.,Rauch F.,Winters L.A.(2013),Trade as an Engine of Creative Destruction:Mexican Experience with Chinese Competition.Journal of International Economics.89(2):379-392.
15.Kasahara H.,Liang Y.,Rodrigue J.(2016),Does Importing Intermediates Increase the Demand for Skilled Workers?Plant-level Evidence from Indonesia.Journal of International Economics.102:242-261.
16.Mendez O.(2015),The Effect ofChinese Import Competition on Mexican Local Labor Markets.The North American Journal of Economics and Finance.34:364-380.
17.Mc Manus T.C.,Schaur G.(2016),The Effects of Import Competition on Worker Health.Journal of International Economics.102:160-172.
18.Mion G.,Zhu L.(2013),Import Competition from and Offshoring to China:A Curse or Blessing for Firms?.Journal of International Economics.89(1):202-215.
19.Pierce J.R.,Schott P.K.(2016),The Surprisingly Swift Decline of US Manufacturing Employment.American Economic Review.106(7):1632-1662.
20.Raveh O.,Reshef A.(2016),Capital Imports Composition,Complementarities,and the Skill Premium in Developing Countries.Journal of Development Economics.118(8):183-206.
21.Rodriguez-Lopez A.,Yu M.(2017),All-Around Table Liberalization and Firm-Level Employment:Theory and Evidence from China.CESifo Working Paper Series.No.6710.
(1)中华人民共和国商务部:《商务部世贸司司长就美国贸易代表办公室2017年度〈中国履行加入世贸组织承诺情况报告〉发表谈话》(http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ag/201801/20180102704083.shtml)。
(2)根据世界银行提供的世界发展指标数据库计算。
(1)Barro-Lee数据库提供的人均受教育年限数据截至2015年,2016年数据采用插值法估算。
(1)在表1模型5、模型6中,企业规模的控制变量修改为企业受访者关于企业规模的回答。该回答为分类变量,1表示小规模企业,2表示中等规模企业,3表示大规模企业。
(1)世界银行企业调查数据库根据企业雇用员工数(包括正式员工和非正式员工)划分企业规模,将员工数在5~19人的企业归为小规模企业,将员工数在20~99人的企业归为中等规模企业,将员工数在100人以上的企业归为大规模企业。