社会政策性别中立背景下我国老年人口自理预期寿命变动分析——基于2005和2015年全国1%人口抽样调查的实证研究
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摘要
利用2005年和2015年全国1%人口抽样调查中有关老年人口健康状况的数据,采用生命表技术和Sullivan法估算了60岁及以上老年人口分性别的自理生命表,从社会性别视角对男女性老年人口自理预期寿命的性别差异及变动趋势进行分析,得出结论:2005-2015年,我国男女性老年人口的自理预期寿命伴随平均预期寿命的延长而同步增加,并且自理预期寿命占余寿的比重均在增大;然而,女性老年人口自理预期寿命占余寿比重低于男性,这种性别差异虽然随时间推移在缩小但仍未消除,尤其是高龄老年妇女的健康劣势较为突出。结合目前性别中立或盲视的老年福利政策,健康需求更大也更长期的老年女性实际的公共收益却比老年男性少,也因此,老年福利政策的制订与实施应当纳入性别意识。
This paper estimated the sex-specific disability free life expectancy( DFLE) of elderly population in China using the life table technique and Sullivan method,based on data on health status of elderly population in the sample survey of 1% population in 2005 and 2015.From the perspective of gender,the gender differences and change trends of disability free life expectancy between male and female elderly population were analyzed and conclusions were drawn. From 2005 to 2015,the disability free life expectancy of male and female elderly population increased with the increase of life expectancy( LE),meanwhile the proportion of DFLE in LE was also increasing. However,the female elderly population had a lower proportion of DFLE in LE than men. Although such kind of gender difference has been shrinking over time,it has not been eliminated. In particular,the health disadvantages of the oldest-old women were more prominent. In combination with the current elderly welfare policies which used to be gender neutral or gender blindness,it can be known that female elderly population whose health needs are bigger and longer have less real public benefits than male. Therefore,the formulation and implementation of elderly welfare policy should be integrated into gender consciousness.
This paper estimated the sex-specific disability free life expectancy( DFLE) of elderly population in China using the life table technique and Sullivan method,based on data on health status of elderly population in the sample survey of 1% population in 2005 and 2015.From the perspective of gender,the gender differences and change trends of disability free life expectancy between male and female elderly population were analyzed and conclusions were drawn. From 2005 to 2015,the disability free life expectancy of male and female elderly population increased with the increase of life expectancy( LE),meanwhile the proportion of DFLE in LE was also increasing. However,the female elderly population had a lower proportion of DFLE in LE than men. Although such kind of gender difference has been shrinking over time,it has not been eliminated. In particular,the health disadvantages of the oldest-old women were more prominent. In combination with the current elderly welfare policies which used to be gender neutral or gender blindness,it can be known that female elderly population whose health needs are bigger and longer have less real public benefits than male. Therefore,the formulation and implementation of elderly welfare policy should be integrated into gender consciousness.
引文
Zeng Y, Feng Q, Hesketh T, et al. Survival, Disabilities in Activities of Daily Living, and Physical and Cognitive Functioning Among the Oldest-old in China:A Cohort Study[D].Lancet, 2017,389(10079):1619-1629.
United Nations. The World's Women 2015:Trends and Statistics[R]. New York:United Nations, Department of Economics and SocialAffairs, Statistics Division. 2015.
UN Women. Process of the World's Women 2015-2016[R].2015.
Wang H,Dwyerlindgren L,Lofgren K T,et al. Age-specific and Sex-specific Mortality in 187 Countries, 1970-2010:ASystematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010[J]. Lancet,2012,380(9859):2071-2094.
Jagger C., Robine JM. Healthy Life Expectancy[M]. In:Rogers R., Crimmins E.(eds)International Handbook of Adult Mortality.Springer Dordrecht, 2011, 2:551-558.
Gruenberg EM. The Failures ofSuccess[J]. Milbank Quarterly,2005, 83(4):779-800.
Anne Case, Christina Paxson. Sex Difference in Morbidity and Mortality[J]. Demography, 2005,42(2):189-214.
Sarah B. Laditka,James N. Laditka. Recent Perspectives on Active Life Expectancy for Older Women[J]. Journal of Women&Aging,2002,14(1-2):163-184.
KG Manton. Changing Concepts of Morbidity and Mortality in the Elderly population[J]. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Health&Society, 1982,60(2):183-244.
Fries James F. Aging, Natural Death, and the Compression of Morbidity[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 1980, 303(3).
M Kramer. The Rising Pandemic of Mental Disorders and Associated Chronic Diseases and Disabilities[J]. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1980,62(S285):382-397.
Sullivan DF. A Single Index of Mortality and Morbidity[J]. HSMHA Health Reorts, 1971,86(4):347-354.
Sanders BS. MeasuringCommunity Health Levels[J]. American Journal of Public Health and Nation's Health, 1964,54(7):1063-1070.
乔晓春,胡英.中国老年人健康寿命及其省际差异[J].人口与发展,2017,23(5).
魏蒙,王红漫.中国老年人失能轨迹的性别、城乡及队列差异[J].人口与发展,2017,23(5).
孙守纪,计红蕾.名义账户制下的女性养老金权益——基于性别公平的视角[J].妇女研究论丛,2017,(2).世界卫生组织.中国老龄化与健康国家评估[R].2016.
郭未,安素霞.社会性别视角下的中国老年人口不健康预期寿命及代际支持[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013,13(6).
周祝平.保护还是歧视:退休政策的性别差异[A].宋健.社会性别视角下的中国社会政策[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012:141-148.
杨胜慧,郭未,陈卫.中国老年人口的自理预期寿命变动——社会性别视角下的差异分析[J].南方人口,2012,27(6).
第三期中国妇女社会地位调查课题组.第三期中国妇女社会地位调查全国主要数据报告[J].妇女研究论丛,2011,(6).
曾毅,顾大男,凯·兰德.健康期望寿命估算方法的拓展及其在中国高龄老人研究中的应用[J].中国人口科学,2007,(6).
杜鹏,李强.1994~2004年中国老年人的生活自理预期寿命及其变化[J].人口研究,2006,30(5).
汤哲,项曼君,Zachary Zimmmer,方向华,Toshiko Kanede.北京市老年人健康预期寿命及其变化[J],中华流行病学杂志,2005,26(12).
张文娟,李树茁,胡平.农村老年人日常生活自理能力的性别差异研究[J].人口与经济,2003,(4).
彭希哲.社会政策与性别平等——以对中国养老金制度的分析为例[J].妇女研究论丛,2003,(2).
郑功成等.中国社会保障制度变迁与评估[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
钟军,陈育德,饶克勤.健康预期寿命指标计算方法的研[D].中国人口科学,1996,(2).
王梅.评价老年人口健康状况的新指标[J].中国人口科学,1993,(3).
王菊芬.社会性别视角下的城镇医疗保险改革——以上海的模式为例[J].妇女研究论丛,2007,(5).
Debbie Budlender,Guy Hewitt.性别预算——开展和理解性别预算实用指南[R].英联邦秘书处,2003.
(1)中共中央、国务院印发《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》[EB/OL].[2016-10-25.]http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm
(2)United Nations.The World’s Women 2015:Trends and Statistics[R].New York:United Nations,Department of Economics and Social Affairs,Statistics Division.2015.https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/the-worlds-women-2015.html
(3)根据国家统计局公布的2015年全国1%人口抽样调查资料中“全国分年龄、性别的人口”数据计算而得。
(1)United Nations.The World’s Women 2015:Trends and Statistics[R].New York:United Nations,Department of Economics and Social Affairs,Statistics Division.2015:x-xi.
(1)中共中央、国务院印发《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》[EB/OL].[2016-10-25.]http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm
(1)全国妇联和国家统计局《第三期中国妇女社会地位调查全国主要数据报告》(2010年),来源于《妇女研究论丛》2011年第6期.
United Nations. The World's Women 2015:Trends and Statistics[R]. New York:United Nations, Department of Economics and SocialAffairs, Statistics Division. 2015.
UN Women. Process of the World's Women 2015-2016[R].2015.
Wang H,Dwyerlindgren L,Lofgren K T,et al. Age-specific and Sex-specific Mortality in 187 Countries, 1970-2010:ASystematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010[J]. Lancet,2012,380(9859):2071-2094.
Jagger C., Robine JM. Healthy Life Expectancy[M]. In:Rogers R., Crimmins E.(eds)International Handbook of Adult Mortality.Springer Dordrecht, 2011, 2:551-558.
Gruenberg EM. The Failures ofSuccess[J]. Milbank Quarterly,2005, 83(4):779-800.
Anne Case, Christina Paxson. Sex Difference in Morbidity and Mortality[J]. Demography, 2005,42(2):189-214.
Sarah B. Laditka,James N. Laditka. Recent Perspectives on Active Life Expectancy for Older Women[J]. Journal of Women&Aging,2002,14(1-2):163-184.
KG Manton. Changing Concepts of Morbidity and Mortality in the Elderly population[J]. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Health&Society, 1982,60(2):183-244.
Fries James F. Aging, Natural Death, and the Compression of Morbidity[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 1980, 303(3).
M Kramer. The Rising Pandemic of Mental Disorders and Associated Chronic Diseases and Disabilities[J]. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1980,62(S285):382-397.
Sullivan DF. A Single Index of Mortality and Morbidity[J]. HSMHA Health Reorts, 1971,86(4):347-354.
Sanders BS. MeasuringCommunity Health Levels[J]. American Journal of Public Health and Nation's Health, 1964,54(7):1063-1070.
乔晓春,胡英.中国老年人健康寿命及其省际差异[J].人口与发展,2017,23(5).
魏蒙,王红漫.中国老年人失能轨迹的性别、城乡及队列差异[J].人口与发展,2017,23(5).
孙守纪,计红蕾.名义账户制下的女性养老金权益——基于性别公平的视角[J].妇女研究论丛,2017,(2).世界卫生组织.中国老龄化与健康国家评估[R].2016.
郭未,安素霞.社会性别视角下的中国老年人口不健康预期寿命及代际支持[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013,13(6).
周祝平.保护还是歧视:退休政策的性别差异[A].宋健.社会性别视角下的中国社会政策[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012:141-148.
杨胜慧,郭未,陈卫.中国老年人口的自理预期寿命变动——社会性别视角下的差异分析[J].南方人口,2012,27(6).
第三期中国妇女社会地位调查课题组.第三期中国妇女社会地位调查全国主要数据报告[J].妇女研究论丛,2011,(6).
曾毅,顾大男,凯·兰德.健康期望寿命估算方法的拓展及其在中国高龄老人研究中的应用[J].中国人口科学,2007,(6).
杜鹏,李强.1994~2004年中国老年人的生活自理预期寿命及其变化[J].人口研究,2006,30(5).
汤哲,项曼君,Zachary Zimmmer,方向华,Toshiko Kanede.北京市老年人健康预期寿命及其变化[J],中华流行病学杂志,2005,26(12).
张文娟,李树茁,胡平.农村老年人日常生活自理能力的性别差异研究[J].人口与经济,2003,(4).
彭希哲.社会政策与性别平等——以对中国养老金制度的分析为例[J].妇女研究论丛,2003,(2).
郑功成等.中国社会保障制度变迁与评估[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
钟军,陈育德,饶克勤.健康预期寿命指标计算方法的研[D].中国人口科学,1996,(2).
王梅.评价老年人口健康状况的新指标[J].中国人口科学,1993,(3).
王菊芬.社会性别视角下的城镇医疗保险改革——以上海的模式为例[J].妇女研究论丛,2007,(5).
Debbie Budlender,Guy Hewitt.性别预算——开展和理解性别预算实用指南[R].英联邦秘书处,2003.
(1)中共中央、国务院印发《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》[EB/OL].[2016-10-25.]http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm
(2)United Nations.The World’s Women 2015:Trends and Statistics[R].New York:United Nations,Department of Economics and Social Affairs,Statistics Division.2015.https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/the-worlds-women-2015.html
(3)根据国家统计局公布的2015年全国1%人口抽样调查资料中“全国分年龄、性别的人口”数据计算而得。
(1)United Nations.The World’s Women 2015:Trends and Statistics[R].New York:United Nations,Department of Economics and Social Affairs,Statistics Division.2015:x-xi.
(1)中共中央、国务院印发《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》[EB/OL].[2016-10-25.]http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm
(1)全国妇联和国家统计局《第三期中国妇女社会地位调查全国主要数据报告》(2010年),来源于《妇女研究论丛》2011年第6期.