黑龙江青冈地区晚更新世猛犸象-披毛犀动物群生存的环境背景
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摘要
更新世晚期大型哺乳动物消亡一直是科学界关注的热点科学问题,其消亡的环境背景和影响机制仍没有形成一致观点。我国东北地区晚更新世地层中保存有丰富的猛犸象-披毛犀动物群(Mammuthus-Coelodonta Fauna)化石记录,是研究更新世晚期大型哺乳动物生存环境及消亡过程的理想区域。黑龙江省青冈地区出土有典型的晚更新世哺乳动物化石种类,如真猛犸象(Mammuthus primigenius)、披毛犀(Coelodonta antiquitatis)等。本文以青冈县英贤村化石出土剖面为研究对象,通过孢粉分析,重建猛犸象-披毛犀动物群的生存环境背景。青冈地区猛犸象-披毛犀动物群出土于湖沼相沉积中,研究发现其生存环境的主要植被成分是蒿属、菊科、禾本科、莎草科和云杉属,指示草甸草原为主,局地生长有针叶林的植被景观。欧亚大陆晚更新世高纬度地区广泛分布的猛犸象草原植被曾延伸到我国东北地区。
The megafaunal extinction in the Late Pleistocene has been hot discussed in the scientific fields, however, there have not yet reached consistent point of the impact of environmental change and the climate dynamics background during the mass extinction process.Northeast China, keeping abundant Mammuthus-Coelodonta fauna fossil in its wide distributing lacustrine sediments of Late Pleistocene, is very profit to the study of the environmental change and the process of the megafaunal extinction. Recently, a serial of fossil megafaunal fossil of the Late Pleistocene has been unearthed in Qinggang County, Heilongjiang Province, which mainly includes Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis and so on. In this study, basing on17 pollen data from Yingxiancun section located in Qinggang County, we reconstructed the vegetation environment of Mammuthus-Coelodonta fauna in the area. Our study shows that the Late Pleistocene Mammuthus-Coelodonta fanua unearthed in the lacustrine sediment was living in an environment dominated by Artemisia, Asteraceae, Gramineae, Cyperaceae with a few of Picea. The pollen assemblages reveal that the area was covered by wide distributed meadow with few conifer forests during the Late Pleistocene that indicate the vast Mammoth steppe, which was wide spread in the upper latitude of Eurasian, had also extended to the central part of Northeast China during the Late Pleistocene.
The megafaunal extinction in the Late Pleistocene has been hot discussed in the scientific fields, however, there have not yet reached consistent point of the impact of environmental change and the climate dynamics background during the mass extinction process.Northeast China, keeping abundant Mammuthus-Coelodonta fauna fossil in its wide distributing lacustrine sediments of Late Pleistocene, is very profit to the study of the environmental change and the process of the megafaunal extinction. Recently, a serial of fossil megafaunal fossil of the Late Pleistocene has been unearthed in Qinggang County, Heilongjiang Province, which mainly includes Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis and so on. In this study, basing on17 pollen data from Yingxiancun section located in Qinggang County, we reconstructed the vegetation environment of Mammuthus-Coelodonta fauna in the area. Our study shows that the Late Pleistocene Mammuthus-Coelodonta fanua unearthed in the lacustrine sediment was living in an environment dominated by Artemisia, Asteraceae, Gramineae, Cyperaceae with a few of Picea. The pollen assemblages reveal that the area was covered by wide distributed meadow with few conifer forests during the Late Pleistocene that indicate the vast Mammoth steppe, which was wide spread in the upper latitude of Eurasian, had also extended to the central part of Northeast China during the Late Pleistocene.
引文
[1]刘东生,黎兴国.猛犸象在中国生存的时间及其分布上的意义[A]//第一次全国14C学术会议论文集[C].北京:科学出版杜,1984
[2]金昌柱,徐钦琦,郑家坚.中国晚更新世猛犸象扩散事件的探讨[J].古脊椎动物学报,1998,36(1):47-53
[3]Lorenzen ED,Nogue′s-Bravo D,Orlando L,et al.Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans[J].Nature,2011,479:359-363
[4]古脊椎动物研究所高等脊椎动物组.东北第四纪哺乳动物化石志[M].北京:科学出版社,1959
[5]Barnosky AD,Koch PL,Feranec RS,et al.Assessing the causes of Late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents[J].Science,2004,306:70-75
[6]Barnosky AD,Lindsey EL.Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change[J].Quaternary International,2010,217:10-29
[7]周本雄.披毛犀和猛犸象的地理分布、古生态与有关的古气候问题[J].古脊椎动物与古人类,1978,16(1):47-59
[8]徐钦琦,金昌柱,李春田.东北地区一万年前的气候变迁与哺乳动物的绝灭事件[J].吉林地质,1985(1):39-42
[9]Brook BW,Bowman DM.Explaining the Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions:Models,chronologies,and assumptions[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,2002,99:14624-14627
[10]MacPhee RD,Tikhonov AN,Mol D,et al.Radiocarbon chronologies and extinction dynamics of the late Quaternary mammalian megafauna of the Taimyr Peninsula,Russian Federation[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2002,29:1017-1042
[11]Koch PL,Barnosky AD.Late Quaternary extinctions:State of the debate[J].Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,2006,37:215-250
[12]姜鹏.东北猛犸象披毛犀动物群初探[J].东北师大学报自然科学版,1982(1):105-115
[13]黎兴国,刘光联,李凤朝,等.中国猛犸象-披毛犀动物群与顾乡屯组[A]//第一次全国14C学术会议论文集[C].北京,科学出版杜,1984
[14]孙建中,王淑英,王雨灼,等.东北末次冰期的古环境[J].中国第四纪研究,1985(6):82-89
[15]董为,徐钦琦,金昌柱,等.东北地区第四纪大型食草类动物群的演替及其与古气候的关系[J].古脊椎动物学报,1996,34(1):58-70
[16]Tong HW,Patou-Mathis M.Mammoth and other proboscideans in China during the Late Pleistocene[J].Deinsea,2003,9:421-428
[17]张虎才.我国东北地区晚更新世中晚期环境变化与猛犸象-披毛犀动物群绝灭研究综述[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(1):49-60
[18]Turvey ST,Tong HW,Stuart AJ,et al.Holocene survival of Late Pleistocene megafauna in China:a critical review of the evidence[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2013,76:156-166
[19]Takahashia K,Wei GB,Uno H,et al.AMS 14C chronology of the world’s southernmost woolly mammoth(Mammuthus primigenius Blum.)[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2007,26:954-957
[20]蔡保全,尹继才.黑龙江青冈晚更新世哺乳动物化石[J].中国地质科学院院报,1992(25):131-138
[21]中国科学院中国植被图编辑委员会.中华人民共和国植被图[M].北京:地质出版社,2007
[22]孙建中,王雨灼.东北大理冰期的地层[J].地层学杂志,1983,7(1):1-11
[23]Zimov SA,Zimov NS,Tikhonov AN,et al.Mammoth steppe:A high-productivity phenomenon[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2012,57:26-45
[24]van Geel B,Aptroot A,Baittinger C,et al.The ecological implications of a Yakutian mammoth's last meal[J].Quaternary Research,2008,69:361-376
[25]van Geel B,Fisher DC,Rountrey AN,et al.Palaeo-environmental and dietary analysis of intestinal contents of a mammoth calf(Yamal Peninsula,Northwest Siberia)[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2011,30:3935-3946
[2]金昌柱,徐钦琦,郑家坚.中国晚更新世猛犸象扩散事件的探讨[J].古脊椎动物学报,1998,36(1):47-53
[3]Lorenzen ED,Nogue′s-Bravo D,Orlando L,et al.Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans[J].Nature,2011,479:359-363
[4]古脊椎动物研究所高等脊椎动物组.东北第四纪哺乳动物化石志[M].北京:科学出版社,1959
[5]Barnosky AD,Koch PL,Feranec RS,et al.Assessing the causes of Late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents[J].Science,2004,306:70-75
[6]Barnosky AD,Lindsey EL.Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change[J].Quaternary International,2010,217:10-29
[7]周本雄.披毛犀和猛犸象的地理分布、古生态与有关的古气候问题[J].古脊椎动物与古人类,1978,16(1):47-59
[8]徐钦琦,金昌柱,李春田.东北地区一万年前的气候变迁与哺乳动物的绝灭事件[J].吉林地质,1985(1):39-42
[9]Brook BW,Bowman DM.Explaining the Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions:Models,chronologies,and assumptions[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,2002,99:14624-14627
[10]MacPhee RD,Tikhonov AN,Mol D,et al.Radiocarbon chronologies and extinction dynamics of the late Quaternary mammalian megafauna of the Taimyr Peninsula,Russian Federation[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2002,29:1017-1042
[11]Koch PL,Barnosky AD.Late Quaternary extinctions:State of the debate[J].Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,2006,37:215-250
[12]姜鹏.东北猛犸象披毛犀动物群初探[J].东北师大学报自然科学版,1982(1):105-115
[13]黎兴国,刘光联,李凤朝,等.中国猛犸象-披毛犀动物群与顾乡屯组[A]//第一次全国14C学术会议论文集[C].北京,科学出版杜,1984
[14]孙建中,王淑英,王雨灼,等.东北末次冰期的古环境[J].中国第四纪研究,1985(6):82-89
[15]董为,徐钦琦,金昌柱,等.东北地区第四纪大型食草类动物群的演替及其与古气候的关系[J].古脊椎动物学报,1996,34(1):58-70
[16]Tong HW,Patou-Mathis M.Mammoth and other proboscideans in China during the Late Pleistocene[J].Deinsea,2003,9:421-428
[17]张虎才.我国东北地区晚更新世中晚期环境变化与猛犸象-披毛犀动物群绝灭研究综述[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(1):49-60
[18]Turvey ST,Tong HW,Stuart AJ,et al.Holocene survival of Late Pleistocene megafauna in China:a critical review of the evidence[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2013,76:156-166
[19]Takahashia K,Wei GB,Uno H,et al.AMS 14C chronology of the world’s southernmost woolly mammoth(Mammuthus primigenius Blum.)[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2007,26:954-957
[20]蔡保全,尹继才.黑龙江青冈晚更新世哺乳动物化石[J].中国地质科学院院报,1992(25):131-138
[21]中国科学院中国植被图编辑委员会.中华人民共和国植被图[M].北京:地质出版社,2007
[22]孙建中,王雨灼.东北大理冰期的地层[J].地层学杂志,1983,7(1):1-11
[23]Zimov SA,Zimov NS,Tikhonov AN,et al.Mammoth steppe:A high-productivity phenomenon[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2012,57:26-45
[24]van Geel B,Aptroot A,Baittinger C,et al.The ecological implications of a Yakutian mammoth's last meal[J].Quaternary Research,2008,69:361-376
[25]van Geel B,Fisher DC,Rountrey AN,et al.Palaeo-environmental and dietary analysis of intestinal contents of a mammoth calf(Yamal Peninsula,Northwest Siberia)[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2011,30:3935-3946