城市化对土壤生态环境的影响研究进展
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摘要
城市土壤是城市生态系统中最重要的组成部分之一,发挥着重要的生态系统服务功能。在全球快速城市化的背景下,城市土壤受到人类活动的强烈干扰,土壤物理、化学性质发生改变,土壤退化与污染日益加重。城市土壤退化导致土壤动物生态特征与行为模式发生变化,城市景观格局与土地利用类型的变化强烈影响了土壤动物的栖息地,为土壤动物的生存与生物多样性带来潜在威胁;另一方面,城市化过程改变了土壤微生物群落组成与功能特征。城市化直接影响了城市土壤维持植物生长、土壤自然消减能力以及碳储存功能等重要的生态系统服务功能。针对城市化过程对土壤生态环境产生的一系列影响,需要采用科学的管理方式,改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤环境质量,保护和恢复土壤生物多样性,从而增强城市土壤的生态系统服务功能。
Urban soil is one of the most important components in urban ecosystems and plays a prominent role in ecosystem services. With the ongoing rapid urbanization worldwide, urban soils are being extensively disturbed by human activities, which alters their physical and chemical properties and results in soil degradation and severe pollution. The ecological characteristics and behavioral patterns of urban soil fauna has been affected by soil degradation, and changes in urban land use and land cover have disturbed the habitats of these fauna, posing potential threats to their survival and biodiversity. Urbanization has also significantly influenced the assemblage composition and functional characteristics of the soil microbial community. Furthermore, it has a direct impact on the essential ecosystem services of urban soils, including the maintenance of plant survival and growth, natural attenuation capacity, and carbon sequestration. To counter the impact of urbanization on the soil ecological environment, it is necessary to improve soil physical and chemical properties through scientific management, to maintain soil environmental quality, preserve biodiversity, and enhance the ecosystem service function of urban soil.
Urban soil is one of the most important components in urban ecosystems and plays a prominent role in ecosystem services. With the ongoing rapid urbanization worldwide, urban soils are being extensively disturbed by human activities, which alters their physical and chemical properties and results in soil degradation and severe pollution. The ecological characteristics and behavioral patterns of urban soil fauna has been affected by soil degradation, and changes in urban land use and land cover have disturbed the habitats of these fauna, posing potential threats to their survival and biodiversity. Urbanization has also significantly influenced the assemblage composition and functional characteristics of the soil microbial community. Furthermore, it has a direct impact on the essential ecosystem services of urban soils, including the maintenance of plant survival and growth, natural attenuation capacity, and carbon sequestration. To counter the impact of urbanization on the soil ecological environment, it is necessary to improve soil physical and chemical properties through scientific management, to maintain soil environmental quality, preserve biodiversity, and enhance the ecosystem service function of urban soil.
引文
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[3] Daily G C, Matson P A, Vitousek P M. Ecosystem services supplied by soil//Daily G C, ed. Nature′s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997: 113-132.
[4] 王美娥, 陈卫平, 彭驰. 城市生态风险评价研究进展. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25(3): 911-918.
[5] McIlwaine R, Doherty R, Cox S F, Cave M. The relationship between historical development and potentially toxic element concentrations in urban soils. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 220: 1036-1049.
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[7] 崔晓阳, 方怀龙. 城市绿地土壤及其管理.北京: 中国林业出版社, 2001.
[8] Sarah P, Zhevelev H M, Oz A. Urban park soil and vegetation: effects of natural and anthropogenic factors. Pedosphere, 2015, 25(3): 392-404.
[9] 马秀梅. 北京城市不同绿地类型土壤及大气环境研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2007.
[10] 毛齐正. 北京城市绿地植物多样性—土壤关系研究[D]. 北京: 中国科学院研究生院, 2012.
[11] 杨金玲, 张甘霖, 赵玉国, 赵文君, 何跃, 阮心玲. 城市土壤压实对土壤水分特征的影响——以南京市为例. 土壤学报, 2006, 43(1): 33-38.
[12] Wang W J, Wang Q, Zhou W, Xiao L, Wang H M, He X Y. Glomalin changes in urban-rural gradients and their possible associations with forest characteristics and soil properties in Harbin City, Northeastern China. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018, 224: 225-234.
[13] Hagan D, Escobedo F, Toor G, Mayer H, Klein J, Dobbs C. Soil Bulk density and organic matter in urban miami-Dade county, Florida. Soil and Water Science, 2010, SL 327: 1-4.
[14] Ocean County Soil Conservation District. The Impact of Soil Disturbance During Construction on Bulk Density and Infiltration in Ocean County, New Jersey[R]. Forked River, NJ: Schnabel Engineering Associates, Inc., 2001.
[15] Chappell C, Johnson A. Influence of pH and bulk density on carbon dioxide efflux in three urban wetland types. Professional Agricultural Workers Journal, 2015, 3(1): 5.
[16] Set?l? H, Francini G, Allen J A, Jumpponen A, Hui N, Kotze D J. Urban parks provide ecosystem services by retaining metals and nutrients in soils. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 231: 451-461.
[17] 刘文, 陈卫平, 彭驰. 社区尺度绿色基础设施暴雨径流消减模拟研究. 生态学报, 2016, 36(6): 1686-1697.
[18] Koeser A, Hauer R, Norris K, Krouse R. Factors influencing long-term street tree survival in Milwaukee, WI, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2013, 12(4): 562-568.
[19] 卢瑛, 龚子同, 张甘霖. 南京城市土壤的特性及其分类的初步研究. 土壤, 2001, (1): 47-51.
[20] 张甘霖, 吴运金, 龚子同. 城市土壤——城市环境保护的生态屏障. 自然杂志, 2006, 28(4): 205-209.
[21] Wang M E, Liu R, Chen W P, Peng C, Markert B. Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in surface soils, Beijing. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2018, 64: 328-334.
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