坡面径流携氮素流失的多要素影响效应研究
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摘要
为研究坡面氮素的流失特征,探索植被覆盖度、坡长和不同施肥处理对全氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)流失的影响,选定不同植被覆盖度(0%,15%,30%,45%,60%,75%,90%)、不同坡长(3,4,5 m)和不同施肥处理(空白(CK),无机复合肥(CF))作为可变因素,在红壤坡面上进行室内人工模拟降雨试验。结果表明:随着植被覆盖度的增大,不同坡长坡面径流中各形态氮素的平均流失浓度均大致呈现上升趋势,不同坡长间各形态氮素平均流失浓度的总体规律为5 m> 3 m> 4 m。TN和NO_3~--N的总流失量随着植被覆盖度的增大而减少,而NH_4~+-N的总流失量没有明显变化规律。在等坡长差的情况下,5 m与4 m坡长间的各形态氮素流失量的增幅大于4 m与3 m间的。径流中氮素的流失以可溶态氮为主,而NO_3~--N是径流中氮素流失的主要形态。施用无机复合肥会使径流中各形态氮素的总流失量明显提高,其中NO_3~--N流失量占TN流失量的比例上升,NH_4~+-N比例下降。径流中各形态氮素的总流失量与植被覆盖度、坡长都达到了极显著相关水平,总体来说是NO_3~--N> TN> NH_4~+-N、植被覆盖度>坡长。植被覆盖度和坡长对径流中各形态氮素总流失量的综合影响分别可以用线性相关方程进行描述,显著性依次为TN> NO_3~--N> NH_4~+-N。
In order to investigate effects of under different vegetation coverage( 0%,15%,30%,45%,60%,75%,90%),slope lengths( 3 m,4 m,5 m) and fertilizer treatments( control( CK) and compound N-P-K fertilizer( CF)) on runoff producing processes and nitrogen loss,an artificial simulated rainfall experiment was conducted. The results showed that: With the increasing of vegetation coverage,the average loss concentrations of different forms nitrogen on different length slopes were generally increasing,and the general law of average concentrations on different length slopes was 5 m > 3 m > 4 m. The total loss of TN and NO_3~--N were reduced with the increasing of vegetation cover,but the law of NH_4~+-N was not obvious. In the case of equal slope length difference,the increase of nitrogen loss between 5 m and 4 m slope is more than 4 m and 3 m. The loss of nitrogen in runoff was dominated by soluble nitrogen,while NO_3~--N was the main form of nitrogen loss in runoff. The total loss of TN,NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N in runoff was significantly increased by the application of inorganic compound fertilizer,which would increase the proportion of NO_3~--N to TN in runoff and decrease the ratio of NH_4~+-N as well.The correlation between total loss of different forms nitrogen and vegetation coverage,slope length were very significant,and the correlation followed as: NO_3~--N > TN > NH_4~+-N,vegetation coverage > slope length. The influence of vegetation coverage,slope length to the total loss of different forms nitrogen in runoff could be described as linear correlation equations,and the significance level were,in order,TN > NO_3~--N > NH_4~+-N.
In order to investigate effects of under different vegetation coverage( 0%,15%,30%,45%,60%,75%,90%),slope lengths( 3 m,4 m,5 m) and fertilizer treatments( control( CK) and compound N-P-K fertilizer( CF)) on runoff producing processes and nitrogen loss,an artificial simulated rainfall experiment was conducted. The results showed that: With the increasing of vegetation coverage,the average loss concentrations of different forms nitrogen on different length slopes were generally increasing,and the general law of average concentrations on different length slopes was 5 m > 3 m > 4 m. The total loss of TN and NO_3~--N were reduced with the increasing of vegetation cover,but the law of NH_4~+-N was not obvious. In the case of equal slope length difference,the increase of nitrogen loss between 5 m and 4 m slope is more than 4 m and 3 m. The loss of nitrogen in runoff was dominated by soluble nitrogen,while NO_3~--N was the main form of nitrogen loss in runoff. The total loss of TN,NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N in runoff was significantly increased by the application of inorganic compound fertilizer,which would increase the proportion of NO_3~--N to TN in runoff and decrease the ratio of NH_4~+-N as well.The correlation between total loss of different forms nitrogen and vegetation coverage,slope length were very significant,and the correlation followed as: NO_3~--N > TN > NH_4~+-N,vegetation coverage > slope length. The influence of vegetation coverage,slope length to the total loss of different forms nitrogen in runoff could be described as linear correlation equations,and the significance level were,in order,TN > NO_3~--N > NH_4~+-N.
引文
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[2] 钱婧, 张丽萍, 王文艳, 等. 施肥条件下坡面菜地径流携氮流失模拟降雨试验[J]. 水土保持学报, 2015, 29(5): 248-253.QIAN Jing, ZHANG Liping, WANG Wenyan, et al. Simulated rainfall experiment on the nitrogen loss in sloping vegetable fieles under different conditions of fertilization[J]. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 2015, 29(5): 248-253. (in Chinese)
[3] 傅海燕, 于淑杰, 黄国和, 等. 筼筜湖无机氮分布特征与赤潮灾害防治研究[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2015, 24(4): 240-246.FU Haiyan, YU Shujie, HUANG Guohe, et al. Research on distribution characteristics of inorganic nitrogen in Yundang Lake: for prevention and control of the red tide[J]. Iournal of Natural Disasters, 2015, 24(4): 240-246. (in Chinese)
[4] 黄东风, 王果, 李卫华, 等. 不同施肥模式对蔬菜产量、硝酸盐含量及菜地氮磷流失的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2008, 22(5): 5-10.HUANG Dongfeng, WANG Guo, LI Weihua, et al. Effects of different fertilization modes on vegetable growth, fertilizer nitrogen. Utilization, and nitrogen loss from vegetable field[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009, 20(3): 631-638. (in Chinese)
[5] 刘汝亮, 李友宏, 张爱平, 等. 育秧箱全量施肥对水稻产量和氮素流失的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2012, 23(7): 1853-1860.LIU Ruliang, LI Youhong, ZHANG Aiping, et al. Effects of seeding-box total fertilization on rice yield and nitrogen loss[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2012, 23(7): 1853-1860. (in Chinese)
[6] 刘宗岸. 坡地茶园集水区地表径流氮磷流失及其生态综合控制研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2013.LIU Zongan. Studies on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses in Surface Runoff and Their Ecological Integrated Control in Watershed of Hilly Tea Field[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Univesity, 2013. (in Chinese)
[7] 王春梅. 太湖流域典型菜地地表径流氮磷流失研究[D]. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2011.WANG Chunmei. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Runoff in the Typical Vegetable Fields in Tai Lake Basin[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University, 2011. (in Chinese)
[8] 田太强. 施肥与耕作对紫色土坡耕地地表径流氮磷流失及作物产量的影响[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2014.TIAN Taiqiang. The Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss and Crop Yield under Different Fertilization Level and Tillage Mode in Slope Cropland of Purple Soil[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University, 2014. (in Chinese)
[9] Han C W, Xu S G, Liu J W, et al. Nonpoint-source nitrogen and phosphorus behavior and modeling in cold climate: a review[J]. Water Science & Technology A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2010, 62(10): 2277.
[10] 张丽萍, 张登荣, 张锐波, 等. 小流域土壤水蚀强度生态预测模型及实验模拟——以神木六道沟流域为例[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2007(2): 55-59.ZHANG Liping, ZHANG Dengrong, ZHANG Ruibo, et al. Ecological prediction model and experimental simulation of soil water erosion in small watershed taking Liudaogou small watershed as an example[J]. Iournal of Natural Disasters, 2007(2): 55-59. (in Chinese)
[11] 王升, 王全九, 董文财, 等. 黄土坡面不同植被覆盖度下产流产沙与养分流失规律[J]. 水土保持学报, 2012, 26(4): 23-27.WANG Sheng, WANG Quanjiu, DONG Wencai, et al. Runoff and sediment generations and nutrient losses under different vegetation coverage in loess slope[J]. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 2012, 26(4): 23-27. (in Chinese)
[12] 刘泉, 李占斌, 李鹏, 等. 模拟降雨条件下不同植被覆盖度/格局的坡地土壤铵态氮流失特征[J]. 水土保持研究, 2017, 24(1): 75-78.LIU Quan, LI Zhanbin, LI Peng, et al. Characteristics of ammonium nitrogen (NH-N) loss from slop lands with different vegetation cover/patterns under simulated rainfall[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 24(1): 75-78. (in Chinese)
[13] 张锐波, 张丽萍, 钱婧, 等. 雨强和植被覆盖度对坡地侵蚀产沙影响强度研究[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2017, 26(5): 206-212.ZHANG Ruibo, ZHANG Liping, QIAN Jing, et al. Effect strength of rainfall intensity and vegetation coverage on slope erosion and sediment yield[J]. Iournal of Natural Disasters, 2017, 26(5): 206-212. (in Chinese)
[14] 钱婧, 张丽萍, 王小云, 等. 人工降雨条件下不同坡长和覆盖度对氮素流失的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2012, 26(5): 6-10.QIAN Jing, ZHANG Liping, WANG Xiaoyun, et al. Effects of different slope length and vegetation coverage on nitogen loss in sloping land under artificial simulated rainfall[J]. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 2012, 26(5): 6-10. (in Chinese)
[15] 张颖飞, 蒋治国, 堵燕钰, 等. 不同施肥模式对蔬菜产量及菜地氮流失的影响[J]. 水土保持通报, 2011, 31(5): 54-58.ZHANG Yingfei, JIANG Zhiguo, DU Yanyu, et al. Effects of different fertilization schemes on vegetable yield and nitrogen loss from vegetable field[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 31(5): 54-58. (in Chinese)
[16] Wang J, Lü G, Guo X, et al. Conservation tillage and optimized fertilization reduce winter runoff losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland in the Chaohu Lake region, China[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2015, 101(1): 93-106.
[17] 梁丽, 赵梅. 施肥与植被覆盖对坡地铵态氮流失的影响[J]. 南方农业学报, 2012, 43(12): 1986-1990.LIANG Li, ZHAO Mei. Effect of fertilization and vegetation coverage on ammonium nitrogen runoff in slop soil[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2012, 43(12): 1986-1990. (in Chinese)
[18] 张兴昌, 刘国斌, 付会芳. 不同植被覆盖度对流域氮素径流流失的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2000(6): 16-19.ZHANG Xingchang, LIU Guobin, FU Huifang. Soil nitrogen losses of catchment by water erosion as affected by vegetation coverage[J]. Environmental Science, 2000(6): 16-19. (in Chinese)
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