底肥分层条施对冬小麦旗叶衰老和光合特性、籽粒产量和肥料利用率的影响
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摘要
【目的】针对黄淮海地区冬小麦生产中肥料撒施或埋深过浅导致肥料利用率低的问题,探索水浇地麦田底肥施用方式对冬小麦籽粒产量和肥料利用率的影响,以期为该地区冬小麦高产和肥料的高效利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】于2016—2018年冬小麦生长季,在水浇地大田条件下,设置5种肥料施用方式:全生育期不施肥(T1);底肥单层条施于地表下8、16和24 cm土层深处(T2、T3和T4);底肥按1﹕2﹕3分为3份,分别条施于地表下8、16和24 cm土层深处(T5)。研究不同施肥方式对冬小麦旗叶衰老和光合特性、籽粒产量和肥料利用率的影响。【结果】随着底肥条施深度的增加,冬小麦花后旗叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)均提高,气孔导度(Gs)增大,净光合速率(Pn)提高,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低。底肥分层条施处理(T5)与底肥24 cm单层条施处理(T4)相比,开花后旗叶衰老、荧光和光合特性差异不明显,但籽粒产量和肥料农学效率显著提高,增幅分别为5.4%—6.5%和26.8%—72.9%,这与其在较高成穗数条件下仍保持较高的穗粒数和千粒重有关。【结论】水浇地麦田,底肥按1﹕2﹕3的比例分层条施可以在获得较高成穗数的基础上,延缓冬小麦旗叶衰老、改善旗叶光合能力,增加穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量,促进肥料高效利用。
【Objective】Aiming at the problem of low fertilizer utilization rate caused by broadcast fertilization or shallow fertilization in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China, this paper provided a basis for improving fertilization technology of high yield and high efficiency of winter wheat in irrigated field of this area.【Method】A 2-year irrigated field experiment was carried out from 2016 to 2018 in winter wheat growth season. Five treatments were set up: No fertilization during the whole growth period(T1); Basal fertilizer was applied in stripes in 8 cm depth(T2), 16 cm(T3) and 24 cm(T4); Basal fertilizer was divided into three parts with the proportion of 1﹕2﹕3 and applied in stripes of 8, 16 and 24 cm depths of soil, respectively(T5). The effects of different fertilization methods on flag leaf senescence characteristics and photosynthetic characteristics, fertilizer use rate and grain yield of winter wheat were studied.【Result】With the increase of fertilization depth, the results showed that superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity, catalase(CAT) activity, soluble protein content, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(Fv/Fm), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in the light(ΦPSⅡ) all increased, stomatal conductance enlarged, net photosynthetic rate were increased, while malondialdehyde(MDA) content was reduced after winter wheat flowering. There was no significant difference in senescence and photosynthetic rate characteristics between T4 treatment and T5 treatment, but the grain yield and agronomy efficiency of fertilizer under T5 treatment were significantly increased by 5.4%-6.5% and 26.8%-72.9%. This was the fact that it maintained a high number of kernels and grain weight under the conditions of higher panicle number. 【Conclusion】 On the basis of obtaining a higher number of panicles, layered and in proportion basal fertilization treatment(T5) could delay senescence of flag leaves and increase the photosynthetic capacity of the flag leaves after flowering in irrigated field, thus increase grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield, and beneficial to the high fertilization high-efficient utilization.
【Objective】Aiming at the problem of low fertilizer utilization rate caused by broadcast fertilization or shallow fertilization in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China, this paper provided a basis for improving fertilization technology of high yield and high efficiency of winter wheat in irrigated field of this area.【Method】A 2-year irrigated field experiment was carried out from 2016 to 2018 in winter wheat growth season. Five treatments were set up: No fertilization during the whole growth period(T1); Basal fertilizer was applied in stripes in 8 cm depth(T2), 16 cm(T3) and 24 cm(T4); Basal fertilizer was divided into three parts with the proportion of 1﹕2﹕3 and applied in stripes of 8, 16 and 24 cm depths of soil, respectively(T5). The effects of different fertilization methods on flag leaf senescence characteristics and photosynthetic characteristics, fertilizer use rate and grain yield of winter wheat were studied.【Result】With the increase of fertilization depth, the results showed that superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity, catalase(CAT) activity, soluble protein content, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(Fv/Fm), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in the light(ΦPSⅡ) all increased, stomatal conductance enlarged, net photosynthetic rate were increased, while malondialdehyde(MDA) content was reduced after winter wheat flowering. There was no significant difference in senescence and photosynthetic rate characteristics between T4 treatment and T5 treatment, but the grain yield and agronomy efficiency of fertilizer under T5 treatment were significantly increased by 5.4%-6.5% and 26.8%-72.9%. This was the fact that it maintained a high number of kernels and grain weight under the conditions of higher panicle number. 【Conclusion】 On the basis of obtaining a higher number of panicles, layered and in proportion basal fertilization treatment(T5) could delay senescence of flag leaves and increase the photosynthetic capacity of the flag leaves after flowering in irrigated field, thus increase grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield, and beneficial to the high fertilization high-efficient utilization.
引文
[1]孙浩燕,李小坤,任涛,丛日环,鲁剑巍.浅层施肥对水稻苗期根系生长及分布的影响.中国农业科学,2014,47(12):2476-2484.SUN H Y,LI X K,REN T,CONG R H,LU J W.Effects of fertilizer in shallow soils on growth and distribution of rice roots at seedling stage.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(12):2476-2484.(in Chinese)
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[5]赵亚丽,杨春收,王群,刘天学,李潮海.磷肥施用深度对夏玉米产量和养分吸收的影响.中国农业科学,2010,43(23):4805-4813.ZHAO Y L,YANG C S,WANG Q,LIU T X,LI C H.Effects of phosphorus placement depth on yield and nutrient uptake of summer maize.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(23):4805-4813.(in Chinese)
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[7]刘威,周剑雄,谢媛圆,徐祥玉,袁家富,徐芳森,熊汉锋,熊又升.控释尿素不同条施深度下鲜食玉米产量和氮素利用效应.水土保持学报,2018,32(1):246-251.LIU W,ZHOU J X,XIE Y Y,XU X Y,YUAN J F,XU F S,XIONG HF,XIONG Y S.Yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of fresh edible maize under different fertilization depths of control-release urea.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(1):246-251.(in Chinese)
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[12]耿伟,薛绪掌,王志敏.肥料分层深施对旱作冬小麦光合生理特性及产量的影响.麦类作物学报,2006,26(3):166-168.GENG W,XUE X Z,WANG Z M.Effects of deep fertilization on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat.Journal of Triticeae Crops,2006,26(3):166-168.(in Chinese)
[13]俞洪燕,钱晓刚,罗绪强,张胜爽,欧阳金美,张珍明.氮肥施用深度对玉米苗期植株生长及养分吸收的影响.江苏农业科学,2017,45(8):44-48.YU H Y,QIAN X G,LUO X Q,ZHANG S S,OU Y J M,ZHANG ZM.Effects of nitrogen application depth on plant growth and nutrient uptake during maize seedling stage.Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(8):44-48.(in Chinese)
[14]马政华,寇长林,康利允.分层供水施磷对冬小麦光合性能及产量的影响.土壤通报,2015,46(6):1399-1406.MA Z H,KOU C L,KANG L Y.Influence of water supply and phosphorus application in different depth on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(6):1399-1406.(in Chinese)
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[17]王东,苑进.小麦玉米周年生产变量肥水一体化灌溉系统:201410499375.7.2014-12-17[2018-08-20].http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=patent&id=CN201410499375.7.WANG D,YUAN J.Variable rate irrigation system with integrat ed fertilizer and water management for whole-year cultivation of wheat-maize rotation:201410499375.7.2014-12-17[2018-08-20].http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=patent&id=CN201410499375.7.(in Chinese)
[18]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.LI H S.Principles and Techniques of Plant Physiological and Biochemical Experiments.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000.(in Chinese)
[19]SAGARAM M,BURNS J K.Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and huanglongbing.Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2009,134(2):194-201.
[20]张文静,江东国,黄正来,周晓楠,马尚宇,米璐,韩笑,王成雨.氮肥施用对稻茬小麦冠层结构及产量、品质的影响.麦类作物学报,2018,38(2):164-174.ZHANG W J,JIANG D G,HUANG Z L,ZHOU X N,MA S Y,MI L,HAN X,WANG C Y.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on canopy structure traits,grain yield and quality of wheat after rice.Journal of Triticeae Crops,2018,38(2):164-174.(in Chinese)
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[25]孙晓然,孙绿,赵长星,林琪,刘义国,孟祥霞,王月福,王维华.追肥深度对旱地小麦花后旗叶衰老特性及产量的影响.华北农学报,2015,30(S1):420-424.SUN X R,SUN L,ZHAO C X,LIN Q,LIU Y G,MENG X X,WANG Y F,WANG W H.Effects of fertilization application depth on senescence characteristics of flag leaf after anthesis and yield of dry-land wheat.Acta Agriculturae Boreali Sinica,2015,30(S1):420-424.(in Chinese)
[2]任军,边秀芝,郭金瑞,闫孝贡,刘剑钊.黑土区高产土壤培肥与玉米高产田建设研究.玉米科学,2008,16(4):147-151.REN J,BIAN X Z,GUO J R,YAN X G,LIU J Z.Building up fertility for high yield soil and construction of high-yield field in the black soil regions.Journal of Maize Sciences,2008,16(4):147-151.(in Chinese)
[3]IBRAHIM A,PASTERNAK D,FATONDJI D.Impact of depth of placement of mineral fertilizer micro-dosing on growth,yield and partial nutrient balance in pearl millet cropping system in the Sahel.Journal of Agricultural Science,2015,153(8):1412-1421.
[4]SU W,LIU B,LIU X W,LIU X K,REN T,CONG R H,LIU J W.Effect of depth of fertilizer banded-placement on growth,nutrient uptake and yield of oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.).European Journal of Agronomy,2015,62:38-45.
[5]赵亚丽,杨春收,王群,刘天学,李潮海.磷肥施用深度对夏玉米产量和养分吸收的影响.中国农业科学,2010,43(23):4805-4813.ZHAO Y L,YANG C S,WANG Q,LIU T X,LI C H.Effects of phosphorus placement depth on yield and nutrient uptake of summer maize.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(23):4805-4813.(in Chinese)
[6]于晓芳,高聚林,叶君,王志刚,孙继颖,胡树平,苏治军.深松及氮肥深施对超高产春玉米根系生长、产量及氮肥利用效率的影响.玉米科学,2013,21(1):114-119.YU X F,GAO J L,YE J,WANG Z G,SUN J Y,HU S P,SU Z J.Effects of deep loosening with nitrogen deep placement on root growth,grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of super high-yield spring maize.Journal of Maize Sciences,2013,21(1):114-119.(in Chinese)
[7]刘威,周剑雄,谢媛圆,徐祥玉,袁家富,徐芳森,熊汉锋,熊又升.控释尿素不同条施深度下鲜食玉米产量和氮素利用效应.水土保持学报,2018,32(1):246-251.LIU W,ZHOU J X,XIE Y Y,XU X Y,YUAN J F,XU F S,XIONG HF,XIONG Y S.Yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of fresh edible maize under different fertilization depths of control-release urea.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(1):246-251.(in Chinese)
[8]张魏斌,孙敏,高志强,温斐斐,郝兴宇,杨珍平,尹美强.旱地小麦深施磷肥对土壤水分及植株氮素吸收、利用的影响.激光生物学报,2016,25(4):371-378.ZHANG W B,SUN M,GAO Z Q,WEN F F,HAO X Y,YANG Z P,YIN M Q.Effect of deep application of phosphorus fertilizer on soil moisture,plant nitrogen absorption and utilization in dryland wheat.Acta Laser Biology Sinica,2016,25(4):371-378.(in Chinese)
[9]KUHLMANN H.Importance of the subsoil for the K nutrition of crops.Plant&Soil,1990,127(1):129-136.
[10]王小雪.玉米简化高产施肥技术研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2011.WANG X X.Study on the simplified fertilization techniques of maize[D].Baoding:Agricultural University of Hebei,2011.(in Chinese)
[11]李华伟,司纪升,徐月,张宾,吴建军,尹庆良,王法宏.耕层优化双行匀播对小麦产量及叶片光合特性的影响.麦类作物报,2014,34(6):802-807.LI H W,SI J S,XU Y,ZHANG B,WU J J,YIN Q L,WANG F H.Effect of double row sowing-topsoil modification technology on yield,leaf photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat.Journal of Triticeae Crops,2014,34(6):802-807.(in Chinese)
[12]耿伟,薛绪掌,王志敏.肥料分层深施对旱作冬小麦光合生理特性及产量的影响.麦类作物学报,2006,26(3):166-168.GENG W,XUE X Z,WANG Z M.Effects of deep fertilization on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat.Journal of Triticeae Crops,2006,26(3):166-168.(in Chinese)
[13]俞洪燕,钱晓刚,罗绪强,张胜爽,欧阳金美,张珍明.氮肥施用深度对玉米苗期植株生长及养分吸收的影响.江苏农业科学,2017,45(8):44-48.YU H Y,QIAN X G,LUO X Q,ZHANG S S,OU Y J M,ZHANG ZM.Effects of nitrogen application depth on plant growth and nutrient uptake during maize seedling stage.Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(8):44-48.(in Chinese)
[14]马政华,寇长林,康利允.分层供水施磷对冬小麦光合性能及产量的影响.土壤通报,2015,46(6):1399-1406.MA Z H,KOU C L,KANG L Y.Influence of water supply and phosphorus application in different depth on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(6):1399-1406.(in Chinese)
[15]靳奇峰,牛俊义.施肥深度对地膜春小麦干物质积累的影响.甘肃农业大学学报,2010,45(5):63-66.JIN Q F,NIU J Y.Effect of fertilizer application depth on dry matter accumulation in spring wheat mulched with plastic film.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2010,45(5):63-66.(in Chinese)
[16]王东,温樱.双旋耕按比例分层施肥宽苗幅精量播种机:201510989379.8.2016-05-11[2018-08-20].http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/d etails/detail.do?_type=patent&id=CN201510989379.8.WANG D,WEN Y.Precise and wide seedling seeder with twin twist plow,and separated-layer fertilization in proportion to soil depth:201510989379.8.2016-05-11[2018-08-20].http://www.wanf angdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=patent&id=CN201510989379.8.(in Chinese)
[17]王东,苑进.小麦玉米周年生产变量肥水一体化灌溉系统:201410499375.7.2014-12-17[2018-08-20].http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=patent&id=CN201410499375.7.WANG D,YUAN J.Variable rate irrigation system with integrat ed fertilizer and water management for whole-year cultivation of wheat-maize rotation:201410499375.7.2014-12-17[2018-08-20].http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=patent&id=CN201410499375.7.(in Chinese)
[18]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.LI H S.Principles and Techniques of Plant Physiological and Biochemical Experiments.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000.(in Chinese)
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