仿刺参幼参对缬氨酸最适需求量的研究
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摘要
为探讨仿刺参幼参对缬氨酸的最适需求量,在基础饲料中添加0、0.80%、1.60%、2.40%、3.20%和4.00%的包膜缬氨酸,配制缬氨酸含量分别为0.61%(D1,对照组)、1.14%(D2)、1.46%(D3)、1.73%(D4)、2.17%(D5)和2.64%(D6)的实验饲料,饲喂体质量为(9.20±0.12)g的仿刺参幼参8周。结果显示,①添加缬氨酸对仿刺参幼参的成活率(SR)无显著影响;增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均呈先上升后下降趋势,D4组显著高于其他各组;②添加缬氨酸对肠壁比和肠长比均无显著影响;③体壁粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均呈先上升后下降趋势,D4组粗蛋白含量显著高于其他各组,添加缬氨酸显著提高了体壁组氨酸、缬氨酸、必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量,降低了亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和酪氨酸含量;④肠道中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)随缬氨酸添加量的增加呈上升趋势,D1组显著低于其他各组;丙二醛(MDA)呈先下降后上升趋势,D4组显著低于对照组;⑤肠道蛋白酶和脂肪酶活力均呈先上升后下降趋势,D3组蛋白酶显著高于其他各组,淀粉酶活力不受缬氨酸含量的影响。综上,饲料中添加适宜的缬氨酸显著提高了仿刺参的生长性能和非特异性免疫力,改变了体壁的常规成分和氨基酸含量。以增重率为评价指标,经折线回归分析得出,体质量为9.20 g的仿刺参其配合饲料中缬氨酸最适含量为1.79%(9.18%饲料蛋白质)。
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary valine requirement of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus with initial body weight(9.20±0.12) g. Six experimental diets were formulated with the graded valine levels(0, 0.80%, 1.60%, 2.40%, 3.20% and 4.00% dry diets, respectively). The six trial diets were determined to contain valine of [0.61%(D1), 1.14%(D2), 1.46%(D3), 1.73%(D4), 2.17%(D5) and2.64%(D6) dry diet], respectively. The results showed that: No significant differences in the survival rate(SR)were found among dietary treatments; the weight growth rate(WGR) and the specific growth rate(SGR) increased with increasing levels of valine up to 1.73% diet, and thereafter, declined. There were no significant effects on ratio of intestine weight to body wall weight(IBR) and ratio of intestine length to body length(IBL) of sea cucumber. Crude protein and crude lipid of body wall increased initially, then decreased, and crude protein of diet D4 was significantly higher than that of any other groups. Dietary valine significantly increased His, Val, essential amino acids(EAA) and total amino acids(TAA) contents of body wall, but decreased Leu, Ile and Tyr contents.Total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) increased with the increasing of dietary valine levels and those of D1 were significantly lower than other groups. Malondialdehyde(MDA) content decreased with increasing levels of valine up to 1.73% diet and then increased, and MDA of D4 was significantly lower than those of other groups. Protease and lipase increased initially and then decreased, and protease of D3 was significantly higher than that of other groups, however, there was no significantly effect on amylase of dietary valine. In conclusion, appropriate dietary valine improved significantly growth performance and immune response and modified chemical composition and amino acid contents of sea cucumbers. With WGR as evaluation indicator,regression analysis of broken-line model showed that the optimum dietary valine of sea cucumber with body weight 9.20 g was 1.79%(9.18% diet protein).
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary valine requirement of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus with initial body weight(9.20±0.12) g. Six experimental diets were formulated with the graded valine levels(0, 0.80%, 1.60%, 2.40%, 3.20% and 4.00% dry diets, respectively). The six trial diets were determined to contain valine of [0.61%(D1), 1.14%(D2), 1.46%(D3), 1.73%(D4), 2.17%(D5) and2.64%(D6) dry diet], respectively. The results showed that: No significant differences in the survival rate(SR)were found among dietary treatments; the weight growth rate(WGR) and the specific growth rate(SGR) increased with increasing levels of valine up to 1.73% diet, and thereafter, declined. There were no significant effects on ratio of intestine weight to body wall weight(IBR) and ratio of intestine length to body length(IBL) of sea cucumber. Crude protein and crude lipid of body wall increased initially, then decreased, and crude protein of diet D4 was significantly higher than that of any other groups. Dietary valine significantly increased His, Val, essential amino acids(EAA) and total amino acids(TAA) contents of body wall, but decreased Leu, Ile and Tyr contents.Total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) increased with the increasing of dietary valine levels and those of D1 were significantly lower than other groups. Malondialdehyde(MDA) content decreased with increasing levels of valine up to 1.73% diet and then increased, and MDA of D4 was significantly lower than those of other groups. Protease and lipase increased initially and then decreased, and protease of D3 was significantly higher than that of other groups, however, there was no significantly effect on amylase of dietary valine. In conclusion, appropriate dietary valine improved significantly growth performance and immune response and modified chemical composition and amino acid contents of sea cucumbers. With WGR as evaluation indicator,regression analysis of broken-line model showed that the optimum dietary valine of sea cucumber with body weight 9.20 g was 1.79%(9.18% diet protein).
引文
[1]廖国周,柴仕名.支链氨基酸营养研究进展[J].饲料博览,2005(4):7-10.Liao G Z,Chai S M.Research on branched-chain amino acids nutrition[J].Feed Review,2005(4):7-10(in Chinese).
[2]Nose T.Summary report on the requirements of essential amino acids for carp[J].Finfish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology,1979,15(2):145-156.
[3]罗莉,王亚哥,李芹,等.草鱼幼鱼对缬氨酸需要量的研究[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(3):616-624.Luo L,Wang Y G,Li Q,et al.Research on dietary valine requirement of juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(3):616-624(in Chinese).
[4]Santiago C B,Lovell R T.Amino acid requirements for growth of Nile tilapia[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1988,118(12):1540-1546.
[5]Wilson R P,Poe W E,Robinson E H.Leucine,isoleucine,valine and histidine requirements of fingerling channel catfish[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1980,110(4):627-633.
[6]Ogino C.Requirements of carp and rainbow trout for essential amino acids[J].Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1980,46(2):171-174.
[7]Ahmed I,Khan M A.Dietary branched-chain amino acid valine,isoleucine and leucine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhina mrigala(Hamilton)[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2006,96(3):450-460.
[8]Abidi S F,Khan M A.Dietary valine requirement of Indian major carp,Labeo rohita(Hamilton)fry[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2004,20(2):118-122.
[9]廖玉麟.我国的海参[J].生物学通报,2001,36(9):1-3.Liao Y L.Sea cucumbers,holothurians from China[J].Bulletin of Biology,2001,36(9):1-3(in Chinese).
[10]袁秀堂,杨红生,周毅,等.盐度对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)呼吸和排泄的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2006,37(4):348-354.Yuan X T,Yang H S,Zhou Y,et al.Salinity effect on respiration and excretion of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus selenka[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2006,37(4):348-354(in Chinese).
[11]崔龙波,董志宁,陆瑶华.仿刺参消化系统的组织学和组织化学研究[J].动物学杂志,2000,35(6):2-4.Cui L B,Dong Z N,Lu Y H.Histological and histochemical studies on the digestive system of Apostichopus japonicus[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2000,35(6):2-4(in Chinese).
[12]王际英,李宝山,张德瑞,等.饲料中添加精氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、免疫能力及消化酶活力的影响[J].水产学报,2015,39(3):410-420.Wang J Y,Li B S,Zhang D R,et al.Effects of dietary arginine on growth performance,immune responses and digestive enzyme of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2015,39(3):410-420(in Chinese).
[13]Yu H B,Gao Q F,Dong S L,et al.Regulation of dietary glutamine on the growth,intestinal function,immunity and antioxidant capacity of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)[J].Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2016,50:56-65.
[14]王吉桥,蒋湘辉,姜玉声,等.在饲料中添加包膜赖氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、消化和体成分的影响[J].水产科学,2009,28(5):241-245.Wang J Q,Jiang X J,Jiang Y S,et al.Effects of diets containing coated lysine on growth,digestion and proximate composition in juvenile sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus)[J].Fisheries Science,2009,28(5):241-245(in Chinese).
[15]李桂梅,解绶启,雷武,等.异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料中缬氨酸需求量的研究[J].水生生物学报,2010,34(6):1157-1165.Li G M,Xie S Q,Lei W,et al.Dietary valine requirement for juvenile gibel carp(Carassius auratus gibelio)[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2010,34(6):1157-1165(in Chinese).
[16]胡友军,周安国,杨凤,等.饲料淀粉糊化的适宜加工工艺参数研究[J].饲料工业,2002,23(12):5-8.Hu Y J,Zhou A G,Yang F,et al.The study of suitable feed processing parameter for starch gelatinization[J].Feed Industry,2002,23(12):5-8(in Chinese).
[17]周岐存,王用黎,黄文文,等.凡纳滨对虾幼虾的缬氨酸需要量[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(2):459-468.Zhou Q C,Wang Y L,Huang W W,et al.Valine requirement of juvenile pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vanname[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(2):459-468(in Chinese).
[18]Rahimnejad S,Lee K J.Dietary valine requirement of juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major[J].Aquaculture,2013,416-417:212-218.
[19]Li W J,Ai Q H,Mai K S,et al.Effects of dietary amino acid patterns on growth and protein metabolism of large yellow croaker(Larimichthys crocea)larvae[J].Aquaculture,2013,406-407:1-8.
[20]Wu M J,Lu S D,Wu X Y,et al.Effects of dietary amino acid patterns on growth,feed utilization and hepatic IGF-I,TOR gene expression levels of hybrid grouper(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)juveniles[J].Aquaculture,2017,468:508-514.
[21]Rahimnejad S,Lee K J.Dietary arginine requirement of juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major[J].Aquaculture,2014,434:418-424.
[22]Guo F F,Cavener D R.The GCN2 eIF2αkinase regulates fatty-acid homeostasis in the liver during deprivation of an essential amino acid[J].Cell Metabolism,2007,5(2):103-114.
[23]Zhang Y Y,Guo K Y,LeBlanc R E,et al.Increasing dietary leucine intake reduces diet-induced obesity and improves glucose and cholesterol metabolism in mice via multimechanisms[J].Diabetes,2007,56(6):1647-1654.
[24]Cheng Y,Meng Q S,Wang C X,et al.Leucine deprivation decreases fat mass by stimulation of lipolysis in white adipose tissue and upregulation of uncoupling protein 1(UCP1)in brown adipose tissue[J].Diabetes,2010,59(1):17-25.
[25]Nishimura J,Masaki T,Arakawa M,et al.Isoleucine prevents the accumulation of tissue triglycerides and upregulates the expression of PPARαand uncoupling protein in diet-induced obese mice[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2010,140(3):496-500.
[26]Chen H,Simar D,Ting J H Y,et al.Leucine improves glucose and lipid status in offspring from obese dams,dependent on diet type,but not caloric intake[J].Journal of Neuroendocrinology,2012,24(10):1356-1364.
[27]Hasek B E,Boudreau A,Shin J,et al.Remodeling the integration of lipid metabolism between liver and adipose tissue by dietary methionine restriction in rats[J].Diabetes,2013,62(10):3362-3372.
[28]Lin M F,Shiau S Y.Dietary L-ascorbic acid affects growth,nonspecific immune responses and disease resistance in juvenile grouper,Epinephelus malabaricus[J].Aquaculture,2005,244(1-4):215-221.
[29]Valko M,Leibfritz D,Moncol J,et al.Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease[J].The International Journal of Biochemistry&Cell Biology,2007,39(1):44-84.
[30]王震,徐玮,麦康森,等.饲料缬氨酸水平对军曹鱼鱼体脂肪含量、血浆生化指标和肝脏脂肪代谢基因表达的影响[J].水生生物学报,2016,40(4):744-751.Wang Z,Xu W,Mai K S,et al.The effects of valine level on plasma biochemical indexes,lipid content and gene expression involved in lipid metabolism in cobia(Rachycentron canadum)[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2016,40(4):744-751(in Chinese).
[31]任和,占秀安.水产动物氨基酸营养研究进展[J].饲料研究,2006(2):41-43.Ren H,Zhan X A.Review on amino acid nutrition in aquatic animals[J].Feed Research,2006(2):41-43(in Chinese).
[32]Jing X L,Zhang S C.An ancient molecule with novel function:alanine aminotransferase as a lipopolysaccharide binding protein with bacteriocidal activity[J].Developmental&Comparative Immunology,2011,35(1):94-104.
[33]Topham M K.Diacylglycerol kinases and phosphatidic acid phosphatases[J].Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry,2013:659-663.
[34]Ghosh K,Tagore D M,Anumula R,et al.Crystal structure of rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase-Role of crown domain in mammalian alkaline phosphatases[J].Journal of Structural Biology,2013,184(2):182-192.
[35]叶元土,王友慧,林仕梅,等.草鱼肠道对10种必需氨基酸的跨壁运输量[J].中国水产科学,2003,10(4):311-317.Ye Y T,Wang Y H,Lin S M,et al.Transmural fluxes of ten essential amino acids in intestinal gut of Ctenopharyngodon idellus in vitro[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2003,10(4):311-317(in Chinese).
[36]姜令绪,杨宁,李建,等.温度和pH对刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)消化酶活力的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(5):476-480.Jiang L X,Yang N,Li J,et al.Effects of temperature and pH on the activities of digestive enzymes in Apostichopus japonicus[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2007,38(5):476-480(in Chinese).
[2]Nose T.Summary report on the requirements of essential amino acids for carp[J].Finfish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology,1979,15(2):145-156.
[3]罗莉,王亚哥,李芹,等.草鱼幼鱼对缬氨酸需要量的研究[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(3):616-624.Luo L,Wang Y G,Li Q,et al.Research on dietary valine requirement of juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(3):616-624(in Chinese).
[4]Santiago C B,Lovell R T.Amino acid requirements for growth of Nile tilapia[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1988,118(12):1540-1546.
[5]Wilson R P,Poe W E,Robinson E H.Leucine,isoleucine,valine and histidine requirements of fingerling channel catfish[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1980,110(4):627-633.
[6]Ogino C.Requirements of carp and rainbow trout for essential amino acids[J].Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1980,46(2):171-174.
[7]Ahmed I,Khan M A.Dietary branched-chain amino acid valine,isoleucine and leucine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhina mrigala(Hamilton)[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2006,96(3):450-460.
[8]Abidi S F,Khan M A.Dietary valine requirement of Indian major carp,Labeo rohita(Hamilton)fry[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2004,20(2):118-122.
[9]廖玉麟.我国的海参[J].生物学通报,2001,36(9):1-3.Liao Y L.Sea cucumbers,holothurians from China[J].Bulletin of Biology,2001,36(9):1-3(in Chinese).
[10]袁秀堂,杨红生,周毅,等.盐度对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)呼吸和排泄的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2006,37(4):348-354.Yuan X T,Yang H S,Zhou Y,et al.Salinity effect on respiration and excretion of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus selenka[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2006,37(4):348-354(in Chinese).
[11]崔龙波,董志宁,陆瑶华.仿刺参消化系统的组织学和组织化学研究[J].动物学杂志,2000,35(6):2-4.Cui L B,Dong Z N,Lu Y H.Histological and histochemical studies on the digestive system of Apostichopus japonicus[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2000,35(6):2-4(in Chinese).
[12]王际英,李宝山,张德瑞,等.饲料中添加精氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、免疫能力及消化酶活力的影响[J].水产学报,2015,39(3):410-420.Wang J Y,Li B S,Zhang D R,et al.Effects of dietary arginine on growth performance,immune responses and digestive enzyme of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2015,39(3):410-420(in Chinese).
[13]Yu H B,Gao Q F,Dong S L,et al.Regulation of dietary glutamine on the growth,intestinal function,immunity and antioxidant capacity of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)[J].Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2016,50:56-65.
[14]王吉桥,蒋湘辉,姜玉声,等.在饲料中添加包膜赖氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、消化和体成分的影响[J].水产科学,2009,28(5):241-245.Wang J Q,Jiang X J,Jiang Y S,et al.Effects of diets containing coated lysine on growth,digestion and proximate composition in juvenile sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus)[J].Fisheries Science,2009,28(5):241-245(in Chinese).
[15]李桂梅,解绶启,雷武,等.异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料中缬氨酸需求量的研究[J].水生生物学报,2010,34(6):1157-1165.Li G M,Xie S Q,Lei W,et al.Dietary valine requirement for juvenile gibel carp(Carassius auratus gibelio)[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2010,34(6):1157-1165(in Chinese).
[16]胡友军,周安国,杨凤,等.饲料淀粉糊化的适宜加工工艺参数研究[J].饲料工业,2002,23(12):5-8.Hu Y J,Zhou A G,Yang F,et al.The study of suitable feed processing parameter for starch gelatinization[J].Feed Industry,2002,23(12):5-8(in Chinese).
[17]周岐存,王用黎,黄文文,等.凡纳滨对虾幼虾的缬氨酸需要量[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(2):459-468.Zhou Q C,Wang Y L,Huang W W,et al.Valine requirement of juvenile pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vanname[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(2):459-468(in Chinese).
[18]Rahimnejad S,Lee K J.Dietary valine requirement of juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major[J].Aquaculture,2013,416-417:212-218.
[19]Li W J,Ai Q H,Mai K S,et al.Effects of dietary amino acid patterns on growth and protein metabolism of large yellow croaker(Larimichthys crocea)larvae[J].Aquaculture,2013,406-407:1-8.
[20]Wu M J,Lu S D,Wu X Y,et al.Effects of dietary amino acid patterns on growth,feed utilization and hepatic IGF-I,TOR gene expression levels of hybrid grouper(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)juveniles[J].Aquaculture,2017,468:508-514.
[21]Rahimnejad S,Lee K J.Dietary arginine requirement of juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major[J].Aquaculture,2014,434:418-424.
[22]Guo F F,Cavener D R.The GCN2 eIF2αkinase regulates fatty-acid homeostasis in the liver during deprivation of an essential amino acid[J].Cell Metabolism,2007,5(2):103-114.
[23]Zhang Y Y,Guo K Y,LeBlanc R E,et al.Increasing dietary leucine intake reduces diet-induced obesity and improves glucose and cholesterol metabolism in mice via multimechanisms[J].Diabetes,2007,56(6):1647-1654.
[24]Cheng Y,Meng Q S,Wang C X,et al.Leucine deprivation decreases fat mass by stimulation of lipolysis in white adipose tissue and upregulation of uncoupling protein 1(UCP1)in brown adipose tissue[J].Diabetes,2010,59(1):17-25.
[25]Nishimura J,Masaki T,Arakawa M,et al.Isoleucine prevents the accumulation of tissue triglycerides and upregulates the expression of PPARαand uncoupling protein in diet-induced obese mice[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2010,140(3):496-500.
[26]Chen H,Simar D,Ting J H Y,et al.Leucine improves glucose and lipid status in offspring from obese dams,dependent on diet type,but not caloric intake[J].Journal of Neuroendocrinology,2012,24(10):1356-1364.
[27]Hasek B E,Boudreau A,Shin J,et al.Remodeling the integration of lipid metabolism between liver and adipose tissue by dietary methionine restriction in rats[J].Diabetes,2013,62(10):3362-3372.
[28]Lin M F,Shiau S Y.Dietary L-ascorbic acid affects growth,nonspecific immune responses and disease resistance in juvenile grouper,Epinephelus malabaricus[J].Aquaculture,2005,244(1-4):215-221.
[29]Valko M,Leibfritz D,Moncol J,et al.Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease[J].The International Journal of Biochemistry&Cell Biology,2007,39(1):44-84.
[30]王震,徐玮,麦康森,等.饲料缬氨酸水平对军曹鱼鱼体脂肪含量、血浆生化指标和肝脏脂肪代谢基因表达的影响[J].水生生物学报,2016,40(4):744-751.Wang Z,Xu W,Mai K S,et al.The effects of valine level on plasma biochemical indexes,lipid content and gene expression involved in lipid metabolism in cobia(Rachycentron canadum)[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2016,40(4):744-751(in Chinese).
[31]任和,占秀安.水产动物氨基酸营养研究进展[J].饲料研究,2006(2):41-43.Ren H,Zhan X A.Review on amino acid nutrition in aquatic animals[J].Feed Research,2006(2):41-43(in Chinese).
[32]Jing X L,Zhang S C.An ancient molecule with novel function:alanine aminotransferase as a lipopolysaccharide binding protein with bacteriocidal activity[J].Developmental&Comparative Immunology,2011,35(1):94-104.
[33]Topham M K.Diacylglycerol kinases and phosphatidic acid phosphatases[J].Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry,2013:659-663.
[34]Ghosh K,Tagore D M,Anumula R,et al.Crystal structure of rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase-Role of crown domain in mammalian alkaline phosphatases[J].Journal of Structural Biology,2013,184(2):182-192.
[35]叶元土,王友慧,林仕梅,等.草鱼肠道对10种必需氨基酸的跨壁运输量[J].中国水产科学,2003,10(4):311-317.Ye Y T,Wang Y H,Lin S M,et al.Transmural fluxes of ten essential amino acids in intestinal gut of Ctenopharyngodon idellus in vitro[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2003,10(4):311-317(in Chinese).
[36]姜令绪,杨宁,李建,等.温度和pH对刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)消化酶活力的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(5):476-480.Jiang L X,Yang N,Li J,et al.Effects of temperature and pH on the activities of digestive enzymes in Apostichopus japonicus[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2007,38(5):476-480(in Chinese).