从“社区问题”到“问题社区”:当代社区研究的理论困境及其反思
|
摘要
人与人之间究竟是如何彼此联结的?社会科学始终致力于在变动世界中去发现和理解社会关系的主要形式及其背后的生成机制。相较于传统社区研究所传达的理论确定性,被社会科学广泛论述的"社区"一词在当代越来越多地被诟病为一个问题概念。"社区"是否仍然是一个有生命力的概念?在当代社区研究集体陷入迷思的状况下,更重要的是在历史脉络和跨国语境中重新廓清"社区"被理论化的方式和路径,而不是一再寻求"社区"定义的统一或共识。从传统社区研究对"社区问题"的确定回答到当代社区研究对"问题社区"的批判性检视,激荡了社会联结的理论想象与现实塑造之间交汇的张力。
How are people being together?Social science has always been committed to discovering and understanding the major forms of social connections and the mechanisms underlying them in a changing world.Compared with the theoretical certainty conveyed by the traditional community research,"community"which is widely discussed by the social science has become interrogative and criticized as a problem concept.Is"community"still alive?Considering the trouble trapped in,it is more important for contemporary community studies to re-clarify the ways and paths of the theorization in historical context and transnational context,instead of repeatedly seeking the unity or consensus of the definition of"community".From the confirmative answer of traditional community research to the critical reflection of contemporary community research on"community",the tensions between the theoretical imagination and reality shaping of social connections are aroused.
How are people being together?Social science has always been committed to discovering and understanding the major forms of social connections and the mechanisms underlying them in a changing world.Compared with the theoretical certainty conveyed by the traditional community research,"community"which is widely discussed by the social science has become interrogative and criticized as a problem concept.Is"community"still alive?Considering the trouble trapped in,it is more important for contemporary community studies to re-clarify the ways and paths of the theorization in historical context and transnational context,instead of repeatedly seeking the unity or consensus of the definition of"community".From the confirmative answer of traditional community research to the critical reflection of contemporary community research on"community",the tensions between the theoretical imagination and reality shaping of social connections are aroused.
引文
① R. E. Pahl, Urbs in Rure: The Metropolitan Fringe in Hertfordshire, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965.
(1)吴越菲:《“共同体”的想象与当代中国社区的塑造》,《浙江学刊》2018年第6期。
(2)可以大致将从十九世纪晚期(起步期)到二十世纪五六十年代(兴盛)前的社区研究称为“传统社区研究”。肖林曾区分了本体论意义上的“社区”研究和方法论意义上的“社区研究”。具体观点参见肖林《“社区”研究与“社区研究”——近年来我国城市社区研究述评》,《社会学研究》2011年第4期。此处本文所提及的“社区研究”和“社区理论”主要对应的是前者,也即以社区作为一个客观实在和相对客观的研究对象。以社区作为透视其他理论的场域,也即方法论意义上的社区研究并非本文讨论的重点。
(3)Frankenberg, R., Communities in Britain, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1966.
(4)Wellman, B., “The Persistence and Transformation of Community: From Neighbourhood Groups to Social Networks”, Report to the Law Commission of Canada, 2001.
(5)滕尼斯认为从“Gemeinschaft”到“Gesellschaft”是人类社会从幼稚走向成熟的表现。参见Brint, S., “Gemeinschaft Revisited: A Critique and Reconstruction of the Community Concept”, Sociological Theory, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1-23.
(6)滕尼斯以“Gemeinschaft”的概念试图超越城市生活和农村生活的简单争论,旨在理解农村生活具有的“共同性”特质,包括共同的生活方式、共同信仰、相似性、集中的联系和高频的互动、情感联系以及共同体关系的持久性。
(7)涂尔干的“社区”概念具体包括了四个结构变量和两个文化变量。四个结构变量分别是:社会纽带的密度和强度、对制度的社会依附和参与、仪式情景以及小的群体规模。两个文化变量分别是:对于共同性的感知和共同信仰。参见Snell, P., “From Durkheim to the Chicago School: Against the ‘Variables Sociology’ Paradigm”, Journal of Classical Sociology, 2010, Vol.10, No.1, pp.51–67。
(8)Cohen, Anthony P., The Symbolic Construction of Community, London and New York: Tavistock Publications, 1985, p.12.
(9)Parker, S., Urban Theory and the Urban Experience, London and Now York: Routledge, 2004, pp.4-5.
(10)Park, R.E., “An Autobiographical Note”, in Race and Culture, New York: Free Press, 1950, viii.
(11)Snell, P., “From Durkheim to the Chicago School: Against the ‘Variables Sociology’ Paradigm”, Journal of Classical Sociology, 2010, Vol.10, No.1, pp.51-67.
(12)Park, R.E. , Burgess, E.W., Introduction to the Science of Sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1921.
(13)比如芝加哥学派的代表人物米德(Mead,J. H.)开创了另外一种理解社区的视角——社会心理学,认为社区是互动中意义建构和维持的产物。
(14)Maclver, R. M. and Page, C.H., Society, Macmillan, London, 1961, p. 9.
(15)比如Gluckman和曼彻斯特学派的人类学研究认为,即使是部落生活也既不和谐也并非与外界隔绝。参见Gluckman, M., Custom and Conflict in Africa, Oxford: Blackwell, 1955; Gluckman, M., Analysis of a Social Situation in Modern Zululand, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958.
(16)Werbner, P., “Essentialising Essentialism, Essentialising Silence: Ambivalence and Multiplicity in the Constructions of Racism and Ethnicity”, in Pnina Werbner and Tariq Modood, Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism, London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1997, p.246.
(17)以中国为例,以“社区”为主题的论文发表主要起步于二十世纪九十年代末。根据中国知网的搜索结果,仅统计社会科学领域年度的论文发表,年度发文数量从2000年的1210篇上升至2018年8086篇(数据截止至2018年11月2日)。在实践层面,“社区”一词多次进入中央政府的顶层政策文件,并成为引领当代中国社会治理与改革的核心关键词。
(18)Pahl, R. E., Urbs in Rure: The Metropolitan Fringe in Hertfordshire, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965.
(19)Calhoun, C., “Community: Toward a Variable Conceptualization for Comparative Research”, Social History, Vol.5, No.1, 1980, pp.105-129.
(20)吴越菲、文军:《作为“命名政治”的社区建设:问题、风险及超越》,《江苏行政学院学报》2015年第5期。
(21)Fernback, J., “Beyond the Diluted Community Concept: a Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Online Social Relations”, New Media & Society, Vol.9, No.1, 2007, pp.49-69.
(22)Putnam, R. D., Bowling Alone: the Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000; Bauman, Z., Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001.
(23)Stowers, S., “The Concept of ‘Community’ and the History of Early Christianity”, Method and Theory in the Study of Religion, Vol.23, No.3-4, 2011, pp.238-256.
(24)Bauman, G., Contesting Culture: Discourses of Identity in Multi-ethnic London, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.14; Cohen, A.P., “Epilogue”, in Amit, V., Realizing Community: Concepts, Social Relationships and Sentiments, London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
(25)Stacey, M., “The Myth of Community Studies”, in Bell, C. and Newby, H., The Sociology of Community, London: Cass, 1974, pp. 13-26.
(26)Williams, R.总结了英语世界中“社区”一词至少存在5种使用范畴,它可以用来指与其他人群相区分的共同人;指国家或有组织的社会(小型);指区域内的人;指拥有共同东西的特性;也可以指共同的身份感和特征。参见Williams, R., The Country and the City, London: Chatto and Windus, 1973。
(27)Creed, G.W., “Reconsidering Community” in Creed, G.W., The Seductions of Community: Emancipations, Oppressions, Quandries., Santa Fe, NM: School of American Press, 2006, pp.3-22.
(28)Brint, S., “Gemeinschaft Revisited: A Critique and Reconstruction of the Community Concept”,Sociological Theory, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1-23.
(29)Crow, G. and Allan, G., Community Life: An Introduction to Local Social Relations, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1994.
(30)Stivala, A., Robins, G., Kashima, Y., & Kirley, M., “Diversity and community can coexist”, American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol.57, No.1-2, 2016, pp.243-254.
(31)Crow, G., “Community Studies: Fifty Years of Theorization”, Sociological Research Online, Vol.7, No.3, 2002, http://www.socresonline.org.uk/7/3/crow.html.
(32)Bell, C. and Newby, H., Community Studies: An Introduction to the Sociology of the Local Community, New York: Praeger, 1979, p.21.
(33)Gordon, R., “Community, Use It or Lose It?”, Anthropologica, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2012, pp. 253-266.
(34)Savage, M., Bagnall, G. and Longhurst, B., Globalization and Belonging, London: Sage, 2005.
(35)在一些领域,对于“社会网络”的关注已经模糊甚至替代了对于“社区”的讨论。参见Willson, M., “Techonology, Network and Communities: An Exploration of Network and Community Theory and Techno Social Forms”, Communication & Society, Vol.13, No.5, 2010, pp.747-764.
(36)认为传统的社区形式开始消失的观点可参见:Beck, U., Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, London: Sage, 1992,p.97;Giddens, A., The Transformation of Intimacy, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992.
(37)社区长期以来在方法论的意义上被作为一个“策略性的地点”用以探索更大的社会现象。其中潜在的假设是认为如果我们不能理解特定社会时空中的特定行动者的安排的话,那我们就无法真正理解社会生活,正是在这个意义上,社区研究作为一种“见微知著”的方法而被广泛使用。
(38)Amit,V.,“Community as ‘Good to Think With’: The Productiveness of Strategic Ambiguities”, Anthropologica, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2010,pp. 357-363.
(39)Rapport, N., British Subjects: An Anthropology of Britain, Oxford: Berg, 2002.
(40)Pahl,R., “Are All Communities in the Mind?”,The Sociological Review, Vol.53, No.4, 2005, pp.621-640.
(41)费孝通:《乡土中国生育制度》,北京大学出版社1998年版。
(42)Casey, E., “Between Geography and Philosophy: What Does it Mean to be in the Place-World?”,Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.91, No.4, 2001, pp.683-693.
(43)Pink, S., “Re-thinking Contemporary Activism: From Community to Emplaced Sociality”,Ethnos, Vol.73, No.2, pp.163-188.
(44)Boda,C.S.,”Community as a Key Word: A Heuristic for Action-Oriented Sustainability Research”,Sustainability, Vol. 10, No.8, 2018, pp.1-19.
(45)Cohen, A.P., The Symbolic Construction of Community, Routledge, 1985.
(46)Davies, C. A. and Jones, S.P., Welsh Communities: New Ethnographic Perspectives, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003.
(47)冯刚:《现代社区何以可能》,《浙江学刊》2002年第2期。
(48)相关观点详见:朱健刚:《国家、权力与街区空间——当代中国街区权力研究导论》,载中国社会科学院社会学研究所《中国社会学》第二卷,上海人民出版社2003年版;何海兵:《我国城市基层社会管理体制变迁: 从单位制、街居制到社区制》,《管理世界》2003年第6期。
(49)Anderson将“国家”定义为一个“想象的政治社区”。之所以是“想象”的,是因为即便在最小的国家中,人们也无法知道其他的多数成员,更无法跟他们产生互动,因此国家只是存在于脑海中的社区。Anderson, B., Imagined Communities, London and New York: Verso, 1991.
(50)Sarason, S.B., The Psychological Sense of Community: Prospects for a Community Psychology, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974, p.157.
(51)Maclver, R. M. and Page, C.H.,Society, Macmillan, London, 1961, p.291.
(52)孙秀林、蒋细斌:《从社会区到社区SEI:当代中国都市社区研究的新取向》,《新视野》2018年第5期。
(53)Blokland, T.,“On Roots and Routes: The Quest for Community in Times of Diversity and Inequality”,in Ferro,L., Smagacz-Poziemska,M., Gómez,M.V., Kurtenbach,S., Pereira, P., Villalón, J.J., Moving Cities: Contested Views on Urban Life, Switzerland:Springer, 2018, p.34.
(54)李友梅:《社区治理:公民治理的微观基础》,《社会》2007年第2期。
(55)Hoggett, P.,Contested Communities: Experiences, Struggles, Policies, Policy Press, Bristol, 1997,p.14.
(56)Blair, T., “This is a Battle with Only One Outcome: Our Victory Not Theirs”, The Guardian, 2001, October 3.
(57)Fremeaux, I., “New Labour’s Appropriation of the Concept of Community: a Critique”, Community Development Journal, Vol.40, No.3, 2005, pp. 265–274.
(58)黄锐、文军:《走出社区的迷思:当前中国社区建设的两难抉择》,《社会科学》2013年第2期。
(59)政治话语和学术话语在一致谋求通过社区来重建单位制解体后中国城市基层管理体制和社会整合机制的目标下, 对社区有着不同的关注点。参见杨敏《作为国家治理单元的社区——对城市社区建设运动过程中居民社区参与和社区认知的个案研究》,《社会学研究》2007年第4期。
(60)毛丹:《中国城市基层社会的型构——1949-1954年居委会档案研究》,《社会学研究》2018年第5期。
(1)吴越菲:《“共同体”的想象与当代中国社区的塑造》,《浙江学刊》2018年第6期。
(2)可以大致将从十九世纪晚期(起步期)到二十世纪五六十年代(兴盛)前的社区研究称为“传统社区研究”。肖林曾区分了本体论意义上的“社区”研究和方法论意义上的“社区研究”。具体观点参见肖林《“社区”研究与“社区研究”——近年来我国城市社区研究述评》,《社会学研究》2011年第4期。此处本文所提及的“社区研究”和“社区理论”主要对应的是前者,也即以社区作为一个客观实在和相对客观的研究对象。以社区作为透视其他理论的场域,也即方法论意义上的社区研究并非本文讨论的重点。
(3)Frankenberg, R., Communities in Britain, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1966.
(4)Wellman, B., “The Persistence and Transformation of Community: From Neighbourhood Groups to Social Networks”, Report to the Law Commission of Canada, 2001.
(5)滕尼斯认为从“Gemeinschaft”到“Gesellschaft”是人类社会从幼稚走向成熟的表现。参见Brint, S., “Gemeinschaft Revisited: A Critique and Reconstruction of the Community Concept”, Sociological Theory, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1-23.
(6)滕尼斯以“Gemeinschaft”的概念试图超越城市生活和农村生活的简单争论,旨在理解农村生活具有的“共同性”特质,包括共同的生活方式、共同信仰、相似性、集中的联系和高频的互动、情感联系以及共同体关系的持久性。
(7)涂尔干的“社区”概念具体包括了四个结构变量和两个文化变量。四个结构变量分别是:社会纽带的密度和强度、对制度的社会依附和参与、仪式情景以及小的群体规模。两个文化变量分别是:对于共同性的感知和共同信仰。参见Snell, P., “From Durkheim to the Chicago School: Against the ‘Variables Sociology’ Paradigm”, Journal of Classical Sociology, 2010, Vol.10, No.1, pp.51–67。
(8)Cohen, Anthony P., The Symbolic Construction of Community, London and New York: Tavistock Publications, 1985, p.12.
(9)Parker, S., Urban Theory and the Urban Experience, London and Now York: Routledge, 2004, pp.4-5.
(10)Park, R.E., “An Autobiographical Note”, in Race and Culture, New York: Free Press, 1950, viii.
(11)Snell, P., “From Durkheim to the Chicago School: Against the ‘Variables Sociology’ Paradigm”, Journal of Classical Sociology, 2010, Vol.10, No.1, pp.51-67.
(12)Park, R.E. , Burgess, E.W., Introduction to the Science of Sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1921.
(13)比如芝加哥学派的代表人物米德(Mead,J. H.)开创了另外一种理解社区的视角——社会心理学,认为社区是互动中意义建构和维持的产物。
(14)Maclver, R. M. and Page, C.H., Society, Macmillan, London, 1961, p. 9.
(15)比如Gluckman和曼彻斯特学派的人类学研究认为,即使是部落生活也既不和谐也并非与外界隔绝。参见Gluckman, M., Custom and Conflict in Africa, Oxford: Blackwell, 1955; Gluckman, M., Analysis of a Social Situation in Modern Zululand, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958.
(16)Werbner, P., “Essentialising Essentialism, Essentialising Silence: Ambivalence and Multiplicity in the Constructions of Racism and Ethnicity”, in Pnina Werbner and Tariq Modood, Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism, London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1997, p.246.
(17)以中国为例,以“社区”为主题的论文发表主要起步于二十世纪九十年代末。根据中国知网的搜索结果,仅统计社会科学领域年度的论文发表,年度发文数量从2000年的1210篇上升至2018年8086篇(数据截止至2018年11月2日)。在实践层面,“社区”一词多次进入中央政府的顶层政策文件,并成为引领当代中国社会治理与改革的核心关键词。
(18)Pahl, R. E., Urbs in Rure: The Metropolitan Fringe in Hertfordshire, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965.
(19)Calhoun, C., “Community: Toward a Variable Conceptualization for Comparative Research”, Social History, Vol.5, No.1, 1980, pp.105-129.
(20)吴越菲、文军:《作为“命名政治”的社区建设:问题、风险及超越》,《江苏行政学院学报》2015年第5期。
(21)Fernback, J., “Beyond the Diluted Community Concept: a Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Online Social Relations”, New Media & Society, Vol.9, No.1, 2007, pp.49-69.
(22)Putnam, R. D., Bowling Alone: the Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000; Bauman, Z., Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001.
(23)Stowers, S., “The Concept of ‘Community’ and the History of Early Christianity”, Method and Theory in the Study of Religion, Vol.23, No.3-4, 2011, pp.238-256.
(24)Bauman, G., Contesting Culture: Discourses of Identity in Multi-ethnic London, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.14; Cohen, A.P., “Epilogue”, in Amit, V., Realizing Community: Concepts, Social Relationships and Sentiments, London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
(25)Stacey, M., “The Myth of Community Studies”, in Bell, C. and Newby, H., The Sociology of Community, London: Cass, 1974, pp. 13-26.
(26)Williams, R.总结了英语世界中“社区”一词至少存在5种使用范畴,它可以用来指与其他人群相区分的共同人;指国家或有组织的社会(小型);指区域内的人;指拥有共同东西的特性;也可以指共同的身份感和特征。参见Williams, R., The Country and the City, London: Chatto and Windus, 1973。
(27)Creed, G.W., “Reconsidering Community” in Creed, G.W., The Seductions of Community: Emancipations, Oppressions, Quandries., Santa Fe, NM: School of American Press, 2006, pp.3-22.
(28)Brint, S., “Gemeinschaft Revisited: A Critique and Reconstruction of the Community Concept”,Sociological Theory, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1-23.
(29)Crow, G. and Allan, G., Community Life: An Introduction to Local Social Relations, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1994.
(30)Stivala, A., Robins, G., Kashima, Y., & Kirley, M., “Diversity and community can coexist”, American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol.57, No.1-2, 2016, pp.243-254.
(31)Crow, G., “Community Studies: Fifty Years of Theorization”, Sociological Research Online, Vol.7, No.3, 2002, http://www.socresonline.org.uk/7/3/crow.html.
(32)Bell, C. and Newby, H., Community Studies: An Introduction to the Sociology of the Local Community, New York: Praeger, 1979, p.21.
(33)Gordon, R., “Community, Use It or Lose It?”, Anthropologica, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2012, pp. 253-266.
(34)Savage, M., Bagnall, G. and Longhurst, B., Globalization and Belonging, London: Sage, 2005.
(35)在一些领域,对于“社会网络”的关注已经模糊甚至替代了对于“社区”的讨论。参见Willson, M., “Techonology, Network and Communities: An Exploration of Network and Community Theory and Techno Social Forms”, Communication & Society, Vol.13, No.5, 2010, pp.747-764.
(36)认为传统的社区形式开始消失的观点可参见:Beck, U., Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, London: Sage, 1992,p.97;Giddens, A., The Transformation of Intimacy, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992.
(37)社区长期以来在方法论的意义上被作为一个“策略性的地点”用以探索更大的社会现象。其中潜在的假设是认为如果我们不能理解特定社会时空中的特定行动者的安排的话,那我们就无法真正理解社会生活,正是在这个意义上,社区研究作为一种“见微知著”的方法而被广泛使用。
(38)Amit,V.,“Community as ‘Good to Think With’: The Productiveness of Strategic Ambiguities”, Anthropologica, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2010,pp. 357-363.
(39)Rapport, N., British Subjects: An Anthropology of Britain, Oxford: Berg, 2002.
(40)Pahl,R., “Are All Communities in the Mind?”,The Sociological Review, Vol.53, No.4, 2005, pp.621-640.
(41)费孝通:《乡土中国生育制度》,北京大学出版社1998年版。
(42)Casey, E., “Between Geography and Philosophy: What Does it Mean to be in the Place-World?”,Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.91, No.4, 2001, pp.683-693.
(43)Pink, S., “Re-thinking Contemporary Activism: From Community to Emplaced Sociality”,Ethnos, Vol.73, No.2, pp.163-188.
(44)Boda,C.S.,”Community as a Key Word: A Heuristic for Action-Oriented Sustainability Research”,Sustainability, Vol. 10, No.8, 2018, pp.1-19.
(45)Cohen, A.P., The Symbolic Construction of Community, Routledge, 1985.
(46)Davies, C. A. and Jones, S.P., Welsh Communities: New Ethnographic Perspectives, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003.
(47)冯刚:《现代社区何以可能》,《浙江学刊》2002年第2期。
(48)相关观点详见:朱健刚:《国家、权力与街区空间——当代中国街区权力研究导论》,载中国社会科学院社会学研究所《中国社会学》第二卷,上海人民出版社2003年版;何海兵:《我国城市基层社会管理体制变迁: 从单位制、街居制到社区制》,《管理世界》2003年第6期。
(49)Anderson将“国家”定义为一个“想象的政治社区”。之所以是“想象”的,是因为即便在最小的国家中,人们也无法知道其他的多数成员,更无法跟他们产生互动,因此国家只是存在于脑海中的社区。Anderson, B., Imagined Communities, London and New York: Verso, 1991.
(50)Sarason, S.B., The Psychological Sense of Community: Prospects for a Community Psychology, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974, p.157.
(51)Maclver, R. M. and Page, C.H.,Society, Macmillan, London, 1961, p.291.
(52)孙秀林、蒋细斌:《从社会区到社区SEI:当代中国都市社区研究的新取向》,《新视野》2018年第5期。
(53)Blokland, T.,“On Roots and Routes: The Quest for Community in Times of Diversity and Inequality”,in Ferro,L., Smagacz-Poziemska,M., Gómez,M.V., Kurtenbach,S., Pereira, P., Villalón, J.J., Moving Cities: Contested Views on Urban Life, Switzerland:Springer, 2018, p.34.
(54)李友梅:《社区治理:公民治理的微观基础》,《社会》2007年第2期。
(55)Hoggett, P.,Contested Communities: Experiences, Struggles, Policies, Policy Press, Bristol, 1997,p.14.
(56)Blair, T., “This is a Battle with Only One Outcome: Our Victory Not Theirs”, The Guardian, 2001, October 3.
(57)Fremeaux, I., “New Labour’s Appropriation of the Concept of Community: a Critique”, Community Development Journal, Vol.40, No.3, 2005, pp. 265–274.
(58)黄锐、文军:《走出社区的迷思:当前中国社区建设的两难抉择》,《社会科学》2013年第2期。
(59)政治话语和学术话语在一致谋求通过社区来重建单位制解体后中国城市基层管理体制和社会整合机制的目标下, 对社区有着不同的关注点。参见杨敏《作为国家治理单元的社区——对城市社区建设运动过程中居民社区参与和社区认知的个案研究》,《社会学研究》2007年第4期。
(60)毛丹:《中国城市基层社会的型构——1949-1954年居委会档案研究》,《社会学研究》2018年第5期。